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    Questions 43-50

     Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic
 species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the
 potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms
 Line and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical
 (5) barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable
 or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by
 an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which
 either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other
 trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.
 (10)     If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may 
 inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or
 potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of
 which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the
 Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high
 (15) tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical  
 defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the
 establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls
 may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by
 bacteria and fungi.
 (20)     Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of 
 vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally
 different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host
 has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic
 example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the
 (25) hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis ― that is, they become diseased 
 and die ― after being penetrated by a parasite ; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to
 grow and is therefore restricted to one　 or a few cells around the entry site. Several
 theories have been put forward to explain the bases of hypersensitive resistance.

 43. What does the passage mainly discuss?
  (A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms
  (B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms
  (C) How plant defense mechanisms function
  (D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms
      of plants differ

 44. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
  (A) susceptible to
  (B) classified by
  (C) attractive to
  (D) strengthened by

 45. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
  (A) pierce
  (B) pinch
  (C) surround
  (D) cover

 46. The word "which" in line 13 refers to
  (A) tissues
  (B) substances
  (C) barriers
  (D) insects

 47. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT
     necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?
   (A) Resins
   (B) Tannins
   (C) Glycosides
   (D) Alkaloids

 48. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17 ?
    (A) To compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals
   (B) To introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants
   (C) To illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense
   (D) To emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense

 49. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by
   (A) striking
   (B) accurate
   (C) consistent
   (D) appealing

 50. Where in the passage dose the author describe an active plant-defense
     reaction?
  (A) Lines 1-3
  (B) Lines 4-6
  (C) Lines 15-17
    (D) Lines 24-27

출처:scribd

Questions 32-42

     Archaeological records ― paintings, drawings, and carvings of humans engaged in
 activities involving the use of hands ― indicate that humans have been predominantly
 right-handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the
Line right-hand is depicted as the dominant one　 in about 90percent of the examples. Fracture
(5) or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed. 
     Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000years old commonly show outlines of human
 hands made by placing one　 hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the
 other. Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With
 few exceptions, left hands of Cro-Magnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that
(10) the paintings were usually done by right-handers.                                 
     Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors
 back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One　 important line of evidence comes from
 flaking patterns of stone cores used in toolmaking: implements flaked with a
 clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from
(15) those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker). 
     Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought
 to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone
 knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on
 the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers)
(20) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by left-handers). 
     Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical
 differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle
 physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the
 hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific
(25) activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or left-sided  
 dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Populations of Neanderthals,
 such as Homo erectus and Homo habilis, seem to have been predominantly
 right-handed, as we are.   

 32.  What is the main idea of the passage?
    (A) Human ancestors became predominantly right-handed when
        they began to use tools. 
    (B) It is difficult to interpret the significance of anthropological evidence
        concerning tool use.
    (C) Humans and their ancestors have been predominantly right-handed
        for over a million years.
    (D) Human ancestors were more skilled at using both hands than modern
        humans.

 33.  The word "other" in line 8 refers to
     (A) outline           (B) hand
     (C) wall             (D) paint

 34. What does the author say about Cro-Magnon paintings of hands?
     (A) Some are not very old.
     (B) It is unusual to see such paintings.
     (C) Many were made by children.
     (D) The artists were mostly right-handed.

 35. The word "implements" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
     (A) tools               (B) designs
     (C) examples             (D) pieces

 36. When compared with implements "flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation" (line15),
              it can be inferred that "implements flaked with a clockwise motion" (lines 13-14) are
     (A) more common
     (B) larger
     (C) more sophisticated
     (D) older

 37. The word "clues" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
     (A) solutions
        (B) details
     (C) damage
     (D) information

 38. The fact that the Inuit cut meat by holding it between their teeth is significant
              because
     (A) the relationship between handedness and scratches on fossil human teeth can
                  be verified
     (B) it emphasizes the differences between contemporary humans and their ancestors
     (C) the scratch patterns produced by stone knives vary significantly from patterns
                  produced by modern knives
     (D) it demonstrates that ancient humans were not skilled at using tools

 39. The word "hemispheres" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
     (A) differences                  (B) sides
     (C) activities                     (D) studies

 40. Why does the author mention Homo erectus and Habilis in line 27
     (A) To contrast them with modern humans
     (B) To explain when human ancestors began to make tools
     (C) To show that early humans were also predominantly right-handed
     (D) To prove that the population of Neanderthals was very large

 41. All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning
     handedness EXCEPT
     (A) ancient artwork
     (B) asymmetrical skulls
     (C) studies of tool use
     (D) fossilized hand bones

 42. Which of the following conclusions is suggested by the evidence from cranial
              morphology(line 21)?
     (A) Differences in the hemispheres of the brain probably came about relatively recently
     (B) There may be a link between handedness and differences in the brain's hemispheres.
     (C) Left-handedness was somewhat more common among Neanderthals.
     (D) Variation between the brain's hemispheres was not evident in the skulls of Homo erectus
                  and Homo habilis.

출처:scribd

    Questions 32-42
     Archaeological records ― paintings, drawings, and carvings of humans engaged in
 activities involving the use of hands ― indicate that humans have been predominantly
 right-handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the
Line right-hand is depicted as the dominant one　 in about 90percent of the examples. Fracture
(5) or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed. 
     Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000years old commonly show outlines of human
 hands made by placing one　 hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the
 other. Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With
 few exceptions, left hands of Cro-Magnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that
(10) the paintings were usually done by right-handers.                                 
     Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors
 back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One　 important line of evidence comes from
 flaking patterns of stone cores used in toolmaking: implements flaked with a
 clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from
(15) those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker). 
     Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought
 to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone
 knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on
 the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers)
(20) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by left-handers). 
     Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical
 differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle
 physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the
 hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific
(25) activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or left-sided  
 dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Populations of Neanderthals,
 such as Homo erectus and Homo habilis, seem to have been predominantly
 right-handed, as we are.   

 32.  What is the main idea of the passage?
    (A) Human ancestors became predominantly right-handed when
        they began to use tools. 
    (B) It is difficult to interpret the significance of anthropological evidence
        concerning tool use.
    (C) Humans and their ancestors have been predominantly right-handed
        for over a million years.
    (D) Human ancestors were more skilled at using both hands than modern
        humans.

 33.  The word "other" in line 8 refers to
     (A) outline           (B) hand
     (C) wall             (D) paint

 34. What does the author say about Cro-Magnon paintings of hands?
     (A) Some are not very old.
     (B) It is unusual to see such paintings.
     (C) Many were made by children.
     (D) The artists were mostly right-handed.

 35. The word "implements" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
     (A) tools               (B) designs
     (C) examples             (D) pieces

 36. When compared with implements "flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation" (line15),
              it can be inferred that "implements flaked with a clockwise motion" (lines 13-14) are
     (A) more common
     (B) larger
     (C) more sophisticated
     (D) older

 37. The word "clues" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
     (A) solutions
        (B) details
     (C) damage
     (D) information

 38. The fact that the Inuit cut meat by holding it between their teeth is significant
              because
     (A) the relationship between handedness and scratches on fossil human teeth can
                  be verified
     (B) it emphasizes the differences between contemporary humans and their ancestors
     (C) the scratch patterns produced by stone knives vary significantly from patterns
                  produced by modern knives
     (D) it demonstrates that ancient humans were not skilled at using tools

 39. The word "hemispheres" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
     (A) differences                  (B) sides
     (C) activities                     (D) studies

 40. Why does the author mention Homo erectus and Habilis in line 27
     (A) To contrast them with modern humans
     (B) To explain when human ancestors began to make tools
     (C) To show that early humans were also predominantly right-handed
     (D) To prove that the population of Neanderthals was very large

 41. All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning
     handedness EXCEPT
     (A) ancient artwork
     (B) asymmetrical skulls
     (C) studies of tool use
     (D) fossilized hand bones

 42. Which of the following conclusions is suggested by the evidence from cranial
              morphology(line 21)?
     (A) Differences in the hemispheres of the brain probably came about relatively recently
     (B) There may be a link between handedness and differences in the brain's hemispheres.
     (C) Left-handedness was somewhat more common among Neanderthals.
     (D) Variation between the brain's hemispheres was not evident in the skulls of Homo erectus
                  and Homo habilis. 

출처:scribd

    Questions 22-31
     Aside from perpetuating itself, the sole purpose of the American Academy and
 Institute of Arts and Letters is to "foster, assist and sustain an interest" in literature,
 music, and art. This it does by enthusiastically handing out money. Annual cash awards
 Line are given to deserving artists in various categories of creativity: architecture, musical
 (5) composition, theater, novels, serious poetry, light verse, painting, sculpture. One　 award 
 subsidizes a promising American writer's visit to Rome. There is even an award for a
 very good work of fiction that failed commercially ― onc　e won by the young John
 Updike for the Poorhouse Fair and, more recently, by Alice Walker for In Love and
 Trouble.
 (10)     The awards and prizes total about $750,000 a year, but most of them range in size
 from $5,000 to $12,500, a welcome sum to many young practitioners whose work may
 not bring in that much money in a year. One　 of the advantages of the awards is that
 many go to the struggling artists, rather than to those who are already successful.
 Members of the Academy and Institute are not eligible for any cash prizes. Another 
 (15) advantage is that, unlike the National Endowment for the Arts or similar institutions
 throughout the world, there is no government money involved.
     Awards are made by committee. Each of the three departments ― Literature
 (120 members), Art(83), Music(47) ― has a committee dealing with its own field. 
 Committee membership rotates every year, so that new voices and opinions are
 (20) constantly heard.                                                         
     The most financially rewarding of all the Academy-Institute awards are the Mildred
 and Harold Strauss Livings. Harold Strauss, a devoted editor at Alfred A. Knopf, the
 New York publishing house, and Mildred Strauss, his wife, were wealthy and childless.
 They left the Academy-Institute a unique bequest : for five consecutive years, two
 (25) distinguished (and financially needy) writers would receive enough money so they
 could devote themselves entirely to "prose literature"(no plays, no poetry, and no
 paying job that might distract). In 1983, the first Strauss Livings of $35,000 a year
 went to short-story writer Raymond Carver and novelist-essayist Cynthia Ozick.  By
 1988, the fund had grown enough so that two winners, novelists Diane Johnson and
 (30) Robert Stone, each got $50,000 a year for five years.

 22. What does the passage mainly discuss?
     (A) Award-winning works of literature
     (B) An organization that supports the arts
     (C) The life of an artist
     (D) Individual patrons of the arts

 23. The word "sole" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
     (A) onl　y
     (B) honorable
     (C) common
     (D) official

 24. The word "subsidizes" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
     (A) assures
     (B) finances
     (C) schedules
     (D) publishes

 25. Which of the following can be inferred about Alice Walker's book
              In Love and Trouble ?
     (A) It sold more copies than The Poorhouse Fair.
     (B) It described the author's visit to Rome.
     (C) It was a commercial success.
     (D) It was published after The Poorhouse Fair.

 26. Each year the awards and prizes offered by the Academy-Institute
              total approximately
     (A) $ 12,500
     (B) $ 35,000
     (C) $ 50,000
     (D) $ 750,000

 27.  The word "may" in line 13 refers to
     (A) practitioners
     (B) advantages
     (C) awards
     (D) strugglers

 28. What is one　 of the advantages of the Academy-Institute awards mentioned
              in the passage?
     (A) They are subsidized by the government.
     (B) They are often given to unknown artists.
     (C) They are also given to Academy-Institute members.
     (D) They influence how the National Endowment for the Arts makes its
                  award decisions.

 29. The word "rotates" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
     (A) alternate
     (B) participates
     (C) decides   
     (D) meets

 30. The word "they" in line 25 refers to
     (A) Mildred and Harold Strauss
     (B) years
     (C) writers
     (D) plays

 31. Where in the passage does the author cite the goal of the Academy-Institute?
     (A) Lines 1-3
     (B) Lines 12-13
     (C) Lines 19-20
     (D) Lines 22-23

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Questions 11-21
     By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American
 language, but ice was still onl　y beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the
 United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels,
 Line taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh
 (5) fish, and butter. After the Civil War(1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight     
 cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York,
 Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one　-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to
 families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household
 convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
 (10)     Making an efficient ice box was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early 
 nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a
 science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best
 icebox was one　 that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was
 the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to
 (15) economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its  
 job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate
 balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
     But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on
 the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for
 (20) which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his
 own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the
 rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his
 butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one　-pound bricks. One　 advantage of his icebox,
 Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in
 (25) order to keep their produce cool.

 11. What does the passage mainly discuss?
    (A) The influence of ice on the diet
    (B) The development of refrigeration
    (C) The transportation of goods to market
    (D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century

 12. According to the passage, when did the word "icebox" become part of
     the language of the United States?
    (A) In 1803
             (B) Sometime before 1850
    (C) During the Civil War
       (D) Near the end of the nineteenth century

 13. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
    (A) progressive         (B) popular
    (C) thrifty               (D) well-established

 14. The author mentions fish in line 5 because
    (A) many fish dealers also sold ice
    (B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars
    (C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice
    (D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention
                 of the icebox

 15. The word "it" in line 6 refers to
    (A) fresh meat
    (B) the Civil War
    (C) ice
    (D) a refrigerator

 16. According to the passage, which of the following was an obstacle to the
     development of the icebox?
    (A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars
    (B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice
    (C) The use of insufficient insulation
    (D) Inadequate understanding of physics

 17. The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
    (A) growing
    (B) undeveloped
    (C) necessary
    (D) uninteresting

 18. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal
              icebox would
    (A) completely prevent ice from melting
    (B) stop air from circulating
    (C) allow ice to melt slowly
             (D) use blankets to conserve ice

 19. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right
     track" (line18 -19) to indicate that
    (A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm
    (B) Moore was an honest merchant
    (C) Moore was a prosperous farmer
    (D) Moore's design was fairly successful

 20. According to the passage, Moore's icebox allowed him to
    (A) charge more for his butter
    (B) travel to market at night
    (C) manufacture butter more quickly
    (D) produce ice all year round

 21. The "produce" mentioned in line 25 could include
    (A) iceboxes
    (B) butter
    (C) ice
    (D) markets