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The History of American Film

Early cinema is said to have had its start in France by French filmmaker Georges Melies, who created many fantasy films in the late 1800s and early 1900s. He used a technique called stop-motion photography, which interrupted the camera’s action, in order to be able to move or change the people and things he was photographing. He was also known to create embellished sceneries, which have a variety of scenes and show many different costumes over the course of just one�� film. His best-known work is Le voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon), which he made in 1902. The film is known for a famous scene in which the animated human face of the moon is struck in the eye by a rocket.

The United States saw its own film production begin when Edwin S. Porter, a projectionist and traveling exhibitor, took hold of the motion-picture production reins at Thomas Edison’s company in 1901. He wanted to make longer narrative films than had previously been made. His best-known film is The Great Train Robbery, which he made in 1903. It featured scenes on a moving train, as well as quick shifts between various locales. The Great Train Robbery is said to have established movies as a viable commercial entertainment medium.

< In 1908, Edison established the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), which focused on the business details of movie-making. < It sought to control both production and distribution, raise admission prices to Nickelodeon theatres (which were becoming increasingly popular), prevent non-member producers from attaining member film stock and work in tandem with censorship groups. < Unfortunately for Edison’s organization, the most popular filmmakers and producers were non-member one��s, who still found a way to make and distribute their films, and paved the way for making multi-reel films. <

D.W. Griffiths was a man who pioneered the making of films he is generally regarded as the founding father of Hollywood. He began his career in film as an actor in films by Edwin S. Porter. In 1908, he took on the role of director at the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in New York City. It fell to him to release two one��-reel films a week, which he did between 1908 and 1913, making nearly 500 films during that period. He left the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in 1913 to continue his work in the making of full-length feature films, astounding audiences with his American Civil War epic The Birth of a Nation in 1915. It was three hours long, and while it struck close to the heart of America for its depictions of a very recent war, it also hit quite a few controversial notes with its defensive white supremacist views. His next film, Intolerance, which he made and released in 1916, was another epic. It concerned four individual stories that intertwined as victims of prejudice. For the film, Griffiths built massive sets on a field in Hollywood to recreate his vision of ancient Babylon. It had been several years previous that Griffiths and a few other East Coast filmmakers had begun spending their winters in California, thus spurring the growth of the film community we have today. California was ideal due to its seasonably warm weather year-round, varied vistas for the filming of many different scenes all at a minimum of travel expense, and a lot of inexpensive land for the building of studio lots. There were plenty of skilled trade workers to employ as well, and they were all willing to work for less than more established parts of the country. Due to the fact that California had no established art scene of its own, it flourished as a movie locale, and all with the initial help of Griffiths and a few other East Coast producers in search of the best climate and conditions possible toward achieving their goals. Griffiths’ work, though raw and emotionally charged for such a new medium, was so popular that he could continue to work as a popular independent filmmaker into the 1920s.

Glossary

Nickelodeon theatres: Converted storefronts in industrial cities that charged 5 cents for admission and attracted working-class audiences.

1. Why does the author mention Georges Melies in paragraph 1?

(A) To pose a question

(B) To deconstruct opinion

(D) To present background

2. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as something Georges Melies was known for in his movies?

(A) variety of scenes

(B) different costumes

(D) long narratives

3. The word animated in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) vivid

(B) beautiful

(D) solid

4. The word his in the passage refers to

(A) Thomas Edison

(B) Edwin S. Porter

(D) Georges Melies

5. The words in tandem are closest in meaning to

(A) outside

(B) indoors

(D) apart

6 Look at the four squares [<] that indicate where the following sentence be added to the passage.

Edison and his fellow producers almost saw the fruition of their proposed monopoly.

Where would the sentence best fit?

Answer:<

7. According to the passage, what is D.W. Griffiths famous for?

(A) The first actor in Hollywood

(B) The founding father of Hollywood

(D) The first man to make longer films

8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in import!ant ways or leave out essential information.

(A) He left the Biograph company to make short films.

(B) His film was very powerful but also quite shocking.

(D) He left the Biograph company to move to California.

9. The word intertwined in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) far-fetched

(B) connected

(D) singular

10. The word vistas in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) objects

(B) surroundings

(D) animals

11. According to the passage, which of the following is true of California at the time?

(A) The land was inexpensive.

(B) There were many actors.

(D) The climate was cold.

12. Why did Griffiths continue to make movies into the 1920s?

(A) He was too young to retire.

(B) His films were very popular.

(D) He hoped to win public support.

13. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by adding the THREE answer choices that express the most import!ant ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. The question is worth 2 points.

During the early 1900s, Americans were introduced to the wonders of film by several talented and ingenious filmmakers.

26. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by adding the THREE answer choices that express the most import!ant ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. The question is worth 2 points.

During the early 1900s, Americans were introduced to the wonders of film by several talented and ingenious filmmakers.

a.Edwin S. Porter’s The Great Train Robbery was one�� of the first films to establish the motion picture business as a viable one��.

b.Stop-motion photography was responsible for the first film ever made.

c.The MPPC almost formed a monopoly on the business of filmmaking.

d.George Melies’ film Le voyage dans la lune was the first film to become popular in the United States.

e.D.W. Griffiths was said to be the founding father of Hollywood, and contributed significantly to the growth of the film industry.

f.Griffiths and other directors chose California to base their operations as it was an inexpensive, temperate location with much to offer the burgeoning American film industry,

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