Adam,Gy (1971): New trends in international business: worldwide sourcing and dedomiciling. Acta Oceconomica 7, 349-367. [GEOGRAPHY; GLOBALISATION; INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS; SCALE] Adams,Paul C (1996): Protest and the scale politics of telecommunications. Political Geography 15(5), 419-441. [CHINA; MEDIA; PHILIPPINES; POWER; SCALE; TELECOMMUNICATIONS; TERRITORIES; USA] Agnew,John (1993): Representing Space: space, scale and culture in social science. In: place/culture/representation. (Eds: Duncan,James; Ley,David) Routledge, London and New York, 251-271. <Representations of space have not elicited much attention in the social sciences as non-geographers have, by and large, adopted specific representations through tacit assumption rather than explicit adoption. The purpose of this essay is to open up debate over how geographical space is regarded in contemporary social science by identifying some dominant conceptions of space and relating them to dominant conceptions of scale and culture which condition them. The essay is organized as follows: first the broad connections between conceptions of space, scale and culture are outlined; second, some specific representations of space are described; third, a 'counter-representation' of space in the form of a concept of place based on recent work in cultural geography is briefly described as an alternative to dominant representations. Some possible reasons are suggested for its absence from contemporary social science.> [CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; CULTURE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCALITY; NEIGHBOURHOOD; PLACE; POLITICS; REPRESENTATION; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; STRUCTURALISM; WAYS OF SEEING] Agnew,John (1997): The dramaturgy of horizons: geographical scale in the 'Reconstruction of Italy' by the new Italian political parties, 1992-95. Political Geography 16(2), 99-122. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; ITALY; PLACE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; POLITICS; REGIONAL POLICY; REGIONAL RESTRUCTURING; REGIONALISM; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Alvarez,Robert R Jr (1995): The Mexican-US Border: the making of an anthropology of borderlands. Annual Review of Anthropology 24, 447-470. <This review traces the development of an anthropology of borderlands. The ideas of early ethnography and applied anthropology about border regions are considered along with contemporary perspectives on reterritorialized communities and practices illustrated by Mexican migration and transborder processes. The argument is made that the conceptual parameters of borderlands, borders, and their crossings, stemming from work done on the Mexican-US border, in particular, illustrate the contradiction, paradox, difference, and conflict of power and domination in contemporary global capitalism and the nation-state, especially as manifested in local-level practices. Furthermore, the borderlands genre is a basis upon which to redraw out conceptual frameworks of community and culture.> [ANTHROPOLOGY; BORDERLANDS; BORDERS; CAPITALISM; ETHNOGRAPHY; GLOBAL; GLOBAL CAPITALISM; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; LEVEL; LITERATURE REVIEW; MEXICO; MIGRATION; NATION STATE; POWER; SCALE; USA] Amin,A; Robins,K (1990): The re-emergence of regional economies? The mythical geography of flexible accumulation. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Society and Space 8, 7-34. (Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England) [ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDUSTRIALISATION; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT] Amin,Ash; Thrift,Nigel (Eds.) (1994): Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 268 pages. [EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBAL; LOCAL; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL THEORY] Amin,Ash; Thrift,Nigel (1997): Globalization, socio-economic, territoriality. In: Geographies of Economies. (Eds: Lee,Roger; Wills,Jane) Arnold, London, 147-157. <This paper proposes considering the relationship between 'local' and 'global' as dialectical rather than dualistic.> [ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; ECONOMICS; GLOBAL; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; GOVERNANCE; IDENTITY; LOCAL; NATION STATE; POWER; SCALE; SPATIAL POLITICS; TERRITORIALITY; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS] Amin,Ash; Tomaney,John (1995): The regional dilemma in a neo-liberal Europe. European Urban and Regional Studies 2(2), 171-188. <It has recently been argued that the consolidation of a globally integrated economy restricts the ability of governments to intervene effectively in the development of their national economies. As a result, the nation states are said to be transferring their power both upwards to supra-national institutions such as the EC and downwards by conceding power to regional governments, within the EU the concept of a 'Europe of regions' representing an emerging division of responsibilities between Union-level authorities and regional institutions is this seen as some corollary of moves towards economic and monetary union, as the role of the nation state wanes. In this paper we question whether such a 'Europe of regions' is in fact emerging and whether it is likely to be of advantage to the less favoured regions. We point to the enduring importance of the nation state as an arena for economic policy formulation and explore what might be the content of a new national approach to regional economic policy.> [ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; NATION STATE; PLANNING; POLICY-MAKING; REGIONAL POLICY; REGIONALISM] Anderson,Benedict (1992): The New World Disorder. 24 Hours Supplement (February, 1992), 40-47. <While Western European countries are sacrificing a significant degree of national sovereignty to form a single union, there is also a vigorous resurgence of nationalist movements around the world, with competition for power, jobs and resources increasingly along ethical and religious lines. This leads Professor Benedict Anderson to conclude that the tendency is not towards a new world order at all, but to new world disorder. And the most powerful and subversive force working towards this disorder is the market.> [CULTURAL POLITICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IDENTITY; NATIONALISM; NEW WORLD DISORDER; NEW WORLD ORDER; POWER; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; STATE; WAYS OF SEEING] Anderson,Kay (1998): . In: Sites of Difference: beyond a cultural politics of race polarity. (Eds: Fincher,Ruth; Jacobs,Jane M) The Guildford Press, New York, London, 201-225. [CULTURE; GEOGRAPHY; RACE RELATIONS; SCALE] Archer,Kevin (1993): Regions as Social Organisms: The Lamarckian Characteristics of Vidal de la Blache's Regional Geography. A.A.A.G. 83(3), 498-514. <Geographers currently are refocusing attention on the study of localities and regions. The new regional emphasis is based on the perceived need to establish a theoretically sophisticated approach to the study of regions. This paper argues that the concern for theoretical sophistication is worthy, but by no means in regional geography. Reconstructing the Lamarckian influences on Vidal's organistic general geography is the necessary first step to determining the contemporary lessons that may be drawn from this earlier attempt to establish a theoretically sophisticated regional geography.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; ORGANICISM; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; VIDAL DE LA BLACHE] Auty,Richard M (1991): Third World response to global processes: the mineral economies. Professional Geographer 43(1, February), 68-76. [DEVELOPMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; MINING; RESOURCES; THIRD WORLD] Baker,Richard (1997): Landcare: policy, practice and partnerships. Australian Geographical Studies 35(1), 61-73. <Landcare is a response to land degradation crises in Australia and is both a community process and a government policy. 'Landcare' is a contested term with different meanings in different contexts.> [BUREAUCRACY; CONSERVATION; CULTURAL CHANGE; CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LAND DEGRADATION; LAND ETHIC; LAND MANAGEMENT; LANDCARE; LOCAL KNOWLEDGE; LOCALITY; MURRAY-DARLING BASIN; PLACE; POWER; READING THE LANDSCAPE; REGIONAL ECONOMIES; RESEARCH ETHICS; RURAL AUSTRALIA; RURAL COMMUNITIES; SENSE OF PLACE; SOIL; SUSTAINABILITY; SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT; UPSCALING] Banks,Glenn (1993): Mining multinationals and developing countries: theory and practice in Papua new Guinea. Applied Geography 13(3), 313-327. [CORPORATIONS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; MINING; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS] Bendix,Jacob (1994): Scale, direction, and pattern in riparian vegetation-environment relationships. A.A.A.G. 84(4), 652-665. [ENVIRONMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOMORPHOLOGY; HIERARCHY; PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY; RIVERS; VEGETATION] Berdoulay,Vincent (1989): Place,meaning, and discourse in French language geography. Chap. 8. In: The Power of Place: bringing together the geographical and sociological imaginations. (Ed: Wolch,Jennifer; Dear Michael) Unwin Hyman, Boston, 124-139. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; LANGUAGE; PLACE; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; SCALE] Berger,Thomas R (1977): Northern Frontier Northern Homeland: the report of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (2 volumes). James Lorimer & Co, Toronto. volume I: 213; volume II: 268 pages. (See also #921 (Berger 1988), which is a second edition of this report. The original edition is extensively illustrated.) <The Berger Inquiry was established in March 1974 to inquire into and report upon proposals to build a gas pipeline along the Mackenzie River Valley. This inquiry is widely seen as significant in Canada's engagement with issues of First Nations' rights and environmental impacts of development. It established an innovative and influential inquiry process which gave standing and credence to non-technical experts and social concerns. It recommended a moratorium on approval of the proposal pending settlement of First Nation claims and grievances.> <<Volume I deals with the broad social, economic and environmental impacts that a gas pipeline and energy corridor would have in the Mackenzie Valley and Western Arctic and makes specific recommendations to government. Volume II sets out terms and conditions that should be imposed if a pipeline is built. It also provides Appendices on the Inquiry's procedures and documentation.>> [ALASKA; ARCTIC; BEAUFORT SEA; BERGER; BIOREGIONAL PLANNING; CANADA; CARIBOU; CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; CUMULATIVE IMPACTS; DECISION MAKING; DENE; ECONOMIC IMPACTS; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; ETHICS; FRONTIER; GAS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HOMELANDS; IDENTITY; INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE; INDIGENOUS RIGHTS; INDIGENOUS SIA; INDIGENOUS WOMEN; INUIT; LAND CLAIMS; LANGUAGE; LEGAL ISSUES; MACKENZIE RIVER; MACKENZIE VALLEY PIPELINE INQUIRY; MEDIA; MEDIATION; METHODOLOGY; METIS; NATURAL GAS; NEGOTIATION; NORTH WEST TERRITORIES; OIL; ORAL METHODOLOGY; PERMAFROST; PIPELINES; POLICY; POLITICS; REGIONAL AGREEMENTS; REMOTE COMMUNITIES; REPRESENTATION; RESEARCH ETHICS; RESEARCH METHODS; SCOPING; SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL IMPACTS; SUSTAINABILITY; TECHNOLOGY; TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE; TRADITIONAL ECONOMY; TRADITIONAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; TRADITIONAL USAGE; VALUES; WAYS OF SEEING; WAYS OF THINKING; WHALING; WILDLIFE; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT; YUKON] Bergmann,Theodor (1989): Participation of the local society in development. Regional Development Dialogue 10(2), 3-23. [DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENT NARRATIVE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LOCAL; PARTICIPATION; POLICY; POLITICS; REGIONAL POLICY; SELF-DETERMINATION; STATE; SUSTAINABILITY] Bernasconi,Robert (1988): Levinas: Philosophy and Beyond. In: Philosophy and Non-Philosophy Since Merleau-Ponty. (Ed: Silverman,Hugh J) Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois, 232-258. <Bernasconi presents an assessment of Levinas' philosophical work, particularly 'Time and the Other' and 'Totality and Infinity' that considers the issues of death, temporality, and otherness.> [EMBODIMENT; EMPLACEMENT; ETHICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INFINITY; LEVINAS; ONT OLOGY; OTHER; PHILOSOPHY; SPATIAL METAPHORS] Bhabha,Homi (1997): Editor's Introduction: minority maneuvers and unsettled negotiations. Critical Inquiry 23, 431-459. <This essay introduces a special edition of the journal 'Critical Inquiry', edited under the title 'Front Lines/Border Posts'. Bhaba writes that his purpose in proposing this special issue was 'to survey the terrain of the postfoundationalist humanities from the perspective of the "jargon of the minorities" ... [and to consider] the prodigious production of discourses of "othering" that, in their turn, have given rise to formulations of affiliative alterity that get described ... as the mantras of multiculturalism".> [BOUNDARIES; COLONIALISM; CULTURAL STUDIES; CULTURE; DISCOURSE ANALYSIS; FRONTIER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; IDENTITY; LANGUAGE; LOCALITY; OTHER; POSTMODERNISM; REPRESENTATION; SOCIAL THEORY] Bienefeld,Manfred (1994): The New World Order: echoes of a new imperialism. Third World Quarterly 15(1), 31-48. <This essay argues that pessimists, who fear increased social and economic polarisation and growing political instability as the outcome of NWO and global deregulation, are more likely to be right than optimists, who see a NWO as an opportunity for a 'peace dividend' to finance enhanced human welfare.> [GLOBAL; JUSTICE; NEW WORLD ORDER; OPTIMISM; PEACE; PESSIMISM; POLITICS; SCALE; WAYS OF SEEING; WORLD SYSTEMS] Bird,James (1956): Scale in Regional Geography. Geography 41(1), 25-38. [BRITTANY; COMPARISONS; CORNWALL; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; SCALE] Bird,Jon; Curtis,Barry; Putnam,Tim; Robertson,George; Tickner,Lisa (Eds.) (1993): Mapping the futures: local cultures, global change. Routledge, London. [FUTURES; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; POSTMODERNISM; SOCIAL THEORY] Black,Anne E; Strand,Eva; Wright,R Gerald; Scott,J Michael; Morgan,Penelope; Watson,Cortney (1998): Land use history at multiple scales: implications for conservation planning. Landscape and Urban Planning 43, 49-63. <To better understand the dynamics of development and to illustrate the transition of a region from a natural to an agricultural environment, this paper offers a regional land use history of the Palouse bioregion of SE Washington and west-central Idaho. The paper traces the history of European-American settlement and changes in regional biodiversity, using this to understand how human activities have altered land cover and ecological integrity of the bioregion. This is then considered in terms of its usefulness to local environmental managers. Multiple temporal and spatial scales incorporating both sociological and ecological data are used to examine changes in the bioregion resulting from agricultural and settlement changes.> [BIODIVERSITY; BIOREGIONAL PLANNING; CASE STUDY; ECOLOGICAL CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LAND USE PLANNING; LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; LANDSCAPE HISTORY; LANDSCAPE PLANNING; SCALE; SEQUENTIAL OCCUPANCE; SOCIAL CHANGE; SPATIAL SCALE; TEMPORAL SCALE; USA] Blaut,James M (1993): The Colonizer's Model of the World: geographical diffusionism and Eurocentric history. Guilford Press, New York and London. 246 pages. <This book challenges the basis of Eurecentric readings of history and imperialism which are built on diffusionism.> [COLONIALISM; DECOLONISATION; DIFFUSIONISM; ETHNOGRAPHY; EUROCENTRICISM; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY AND IMPERIALISM; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE; IMPERIALISM; METAPHOR; RACISM; SCIENCE; SOCIAL THEORY; WORLD SYSTEMS] Brenner,Neil (1997): State territorial restructuring and the production of spatial scale: urban and regional planning in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1960-1990. Political Geography 16(4), 273-306. <The term 'nation state' is too often deployed as both a generic term for the state apparatus and a distinct spatial scale. This produces a degree of conceptual slippage. This essay argues that currently unfolding transformations of state form associated with shifts along divergent spatial scales.> [COLD WAR; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GERMANY; LOCALITY; NEW WORLD ORDER; PLACE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; POLITICS; POWER; REGIONAL RESTRUCTURING; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; TERRITORIALITY; WORLD SYSTEMS] Brenner,R (1977): The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism. New Left Review 104, 25-92. [ARTICULATION; CAPITALISM; DEVELOPMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; MARGINALISATION; MARXISM; POLITICS; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL THEORY; TRANSITION] Brown,David (19??): Ethnic Revival: perpectives on state and society. Third World Quarterly, 1-17. <Any discussion of the state and ethnicity must be able to take account of the causal role played by patterns of cultural pluralism in societies in influencing the elite composition, national ideology and institutional structure of the state; but it must also recognise the consequences of variations in state character upon the development of ethnic consciousness. The distinctions made might provide a starting point for such an exercise.> [INCOMPLETE; CULTURE; ETHNIC-GROUPS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IDEOLOGY; NATION STATE; NATIONALISM; STATE] Bryan,Dick; Rafferty,Michael (1997): Still Calling Australia Home? International integration and the framing of national economic problems in recent official reports. Australian Journal of International Affairs 51(1), 5-24. <In the last eight years, at least eight major government-commissioned reports and a plethora of related studies from within state and private think tanks have addressed Australia's position within the international economy. In the context of the increased globalisation of capital, this is not surprising, particularly in the light of national policy crises generated by globalisation. What is surprising is the failure of this literature to question the meaning of 'national' economies in this rapidly changing context. This paper contends that the 'national problem' has been misposed. The political need to generate 'national' responses has resulted in many significant issues not being adequately conceptualised or considered.> [ASIA; AUSTRALIA; ECONOMIC CONDITIONS; ECONOMIC ISSUES; ECONOMICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; KEYNESIANISM; NATIONAL ECONOMIES; POLITICAL ECONOMY; SCALE; TRADE] Burawoy,Michael (1991): The extended case method. In: Ethnography Unbound: power and resistance in the modern metropolis. (Eds: Buraway,Michael; Burton,Alice; Ferguson,Ann Arnett; Fox,Kathryn J; Gamson,Joshua; Gartrell,Nadine; Hurst,Leslie; Kurzman,Charles; Salzinger,Leslie; Schiffman,Josepha; Ui,Shiori) University of California Press, Berkeley, 271-287. [CASE STUDY; ETHNOGRAPHY; FIELDWORK; GEERTZ; KNOWLEDGE; METHODOLOGY; PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION; POWER; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SOCIOLOGY; VALUES] Burawoy,Michael (1991): Teaching Participant Observation. In: Ethnography Unbound: power and resistance in the modern metropolis. (Eds: Buraway,Michael; Burton,Alice; Ferguson,Ann Arnett; Fox,Kathryn J; Gamson,Joshua; Gartrell,Nadine; Hurst,Leslie; Kurzman,Charles; Salzinger,Leslie; Schiffman,Josepha; Ui,Shiori) University of California Press, Berkeley, 291-300. [CASE STUDY; CURRICULUM; EDUCATION; ETHNOGRAPHY; FIELDWORK; GEERTZ; KNOWLEDGE; METHODOLOGY; PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION; POWER; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SOCIOLOGY; TEACHING; VALUES] Burton,Lloyd; Cocklin,Chris (1996): Water Resource Management and Environmental Policy Reform in New Zealand: regionalism, allocation and indigenous relations (Part I). Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 7(1), 75-106. <This two part paper (see also #2604) examines New Zealand's bold policy initiative to reform resource management and local planning regulations, to reform its regional administrative organisation, and to adopt the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi as a meaningful policy framework, focusing on the issue of water management. The paper argues that there is much of value to be learned by other English-speaking common law countries (particularly Australia, Canada and the USA) from New Zealand's efforts to grapple with the challenges of sustainable water resource management.> [AOTEAROA; AUSTRALIA; CANADA; COMMON LAW; COMMON PROPERTY; CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM; CONSULTATION; CROWN RIGHTS; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; INDIGENOUS RIGHTS; LEGISLATION; LOCAL AUTHORITIES; LOCAL GOVERNMENT; MAORI; NATION STATE; NEGOTIATION; NEW ZEALAND; PLANNING; REFORM; REGIONAL AGREEMENTS; REGIONAL RESTRUCTURING; REGIONALISM; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ACT; RESTRUCTURING; RIVER MANAGEMENT; RIVERS; TREATY OF WAITANGI; USA; WATER; WATER RIGHTS; WATER USE] Burton,Lloyd; Cocklin,Chris (1996): Water Resource Management and Environmental Policy Reform in New Zealand: regionalism, allocation and indigenous relations (Part II). Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 7(2), 331-372. <This two part paper (see also #2603) examines New Zealand's bold policy initiative to reform resource management and local planning regulations, to reform its regional administrative organisation, and to adopt the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi as a meaningful policy framework, focusing on the issue of water management. The paper argues that there is much of value to be learned by other English-speaking common law countries (particularly Australia, Canada and the USA) from New Zealand's efforts to grapple with the challenges of sustainable water resource management. The second part of the paper focuses on the processes of the Mangakahia irrigation project, negotiated in 1994 and key issues in implementation of the reform in practice.> [AOTEAROA; AUSTRALIA; CANADA; COMMON LAW; COMMON PROPERTY; CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM; CONSULTATION; CROWN RIGHTS; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; INDIGENOUS RIGHTS; LEGISLATION; LOCAL AUTHORITIES; LOCAL GOVERNMENT; MAORI; NATION STATE; NEGOTIATION; NEW ZEALAND; PLANNING; REFORM; REGIONAL AGREEMENTS; REGIONAL RESTRUCTURING; REGIONALISM; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ACT; RESTRUCTURING; RIVER MANAGEMENT; RIVERS; TREATY OF WAITANGI; USA; WATER; WATER RIGHTS; WATER USE] Carlstein,Tommy; Thrift,Nigel (1978): Afterword: towards a time-space structured approach to society and environment. In: Human Activity and Time Geography. (Eds: Carlstein,Tommy; Parkes,Don; Thrift,Nigel) Edward Arnold, London, 225-263. [ANTHROPOLOGY; ENVIRONMENT; HUMAN GEOGRAPHY; SCALE; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIETY; SPACE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; STRUCTURE; TIME; TIME GEOGRAPHY; TIME SCALE; WELFARE] Casey,Edward S (1991): "The element of voluminousness": depth and place reexamined. In: Merleau-Ponty Vivant. (Ed: Dillon,Martin C) State University of New York Press, Albany, 1-29. <Drawing on the work of 19th century perceptual psychologist William James, Casey reconsiders issues of depth and place in the work of Merleau-Ponty. Casey reviews the treatment of depth in Euclid, Descartes and Hegel, suggesting that because space is more than simply three dimensions of Cartesian representations, reducing experience of 'depth' to a measurement of (interchangeable) height, breadth or length is too simplistic and misrepresents the experience. "Space in general, and depth in particular, do not present themselves in any such well-ordered tridimensional way" (p8). Casey suggests that Merleau-Ponty (Phenomenolgy of Perception) considers 'depth' primordial in at least three senses. First, depth is not constructed but concretely given. Second, depth is less a dimension than a medium in which perceiving subject and perceived object are both immersed. Thirdly, as 'objectified depth', depth "is like an aura or atmosphere that resists (measurement and) precise specification" (p10). "In this capacity", Casey notes, "primordial depth reminds us more of Platonic chora - that matrix of cosmic spatiality - than of bathos, which is a characteristic of material things" (p11). In this latter form, primordial depth provides a linkage between Newtonian representations of absolute space and Liebnizian representations of relational space. In Merleau-Ponty's representation, depth (and its place in perception) becomes crucial to 'envelopment'. asey critiques Merleau-Ponty's discussion (in the chapter entitled 'Space' in 'Phenomenology of Perception' for (a) failing to specify the relationship between primordial and objective depth, and (b) failing to explain the relationship between depth and the other basic parameters of spatial experience (eg movement and level). Casey seeks to resolve these concerns by exploring the way in which "place grants depth" (p14). In exploring these issues, Casey is curiously silent on 'scale'. Although he helpfully quotes J.J.Gibson writing the "A place is a location in the environment as contrasted with a point in space" (cited on p15), and considers the ways in which the horizon (as a relationally contextualised limit or boundary) provides a series of levels in which to anchor our perception of distance and depth ni "the perceptual field bounded in the end onl y by the horizon and by the body" (p17). The chapter concludes with a consideration of the importance of 'depth' and 'voluminousness' in the experience of "creatures of continuing implacement" (p22), but ultimately leaves implicit notions of scale and embodiment that might offer a further step along the path it lays out.> [DEPTH; DESCARTES; EMBODIMENT; EMPLACEMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HEGEL; MERLEAU-PONTY; PERCEPTION; PHILOSOPHY; PLACE; PSYCHOLOGY; REPRESENTATION; SCALE; SPACE] Chou,Yue Hong (1991): Map resolution and spatial autocorrelation. Geographical Analysis 23(3), 228-246. [EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; MAPS; RESOLUTION; STATISTICS] Chouinard,Vera (1997): Structure and agency: contested concepts in Human Geography. Canadian Geographer 41(4), 363-377. [AGENCY; FEMINISM; FEMINIST GEOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHY; HUMAN GEOGRAPHY; MARXISM; PLACE; POSTMODERNISM; SCALE; STRUCTURE] Clark,Gordon L (1984): A theory of local autonomy. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 74(2), 195-208. (Department of Geography, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637) <<LOCAL GOVERNMENT>> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INSTITUTIONS; POLITICS; POWER; SOCIAL THEORY] Clark,Gordon L (1988): Time, events and places: reflections on economic analysis. Environment and Planning A 20, 187-194. [ECONOMICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Clark,Gordon L (1991): Dimensions of global economic restructuring and the idea of decentralising labour relations in Australia. Australian Geographical Studies 29(2), 226-245. <Though always more exposed than many other countries to the vicissitudes of international competition, Australia seems to have become increasingly vulnerable to the pressures accompanying global restructuring. This much is evident in the patterns of foreign debt, the balance of payments and trade. Performance of macro-economic indicators obscures, however, the pressures global restructuring has bought against the integrity and efficacy of our major institutions. Not onl y have there been serious questions raised about the usefulness of the centralised arbitration system in the context of global restructuring, the Australian labour movement itself faces an uncertain future. Notwithstanding the claimed virtues of an enterprise-based labour relations system, there are good reasons to suppose that a decentralised system would have its own problems in accommodating rapid economic change. In this respect, the search for an American-style decentralised institutional regime may be ill-advised; more useful may be an enhanced capacity to adjust within the current framework of Australian labour relations.> [ECONOMICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS; LABOUR; POLICY; REGULATION; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL CHANGE; UNIONS] Clark,Ray (1994): Cumulative Impact Assessment: a tool for sustainable development. Impact Assessment 12(3), 319-331. <This paper provides an accessible overview of issues of cumulative impact assessment. It is focused on the USA. It argues cumulative assessment is best done on a program or policy scale rather than project-by-project. It is largely focused on biophysical environmental issues rather than social impacts.> [CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IMPACT ASSESSMENT; KRAIS; METHODOLOGY; RESEARCH METHODS] Clark,William C (1985): Scales of climate impacts. Climate Change 7, 5-27. [CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; INTERDISCIPLINARY] Clark,William C (1987): Scale relationships in the interactions of climate, ecosystems, and societies. In: Forecasting in the social and natural sciences. (Eds: Land,Kenneth C; Schneider,Stephen H) D Reidel Publishing Co, Dordrecht, 337-378. [CLIMATE CHANGE; FORECASTING; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INTERACTION; PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY; SPACE; TIME; WEATHER] Clark,WilliamC (1989): Managing Planet Earth. Scientific American 261(3), 19-26. <This paper introduces a special edition of 'Scientific American' focused on ecologically sustainable development and the challenge of managing systems for sustainability.> [ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY; ECOLOGY; ENGINEERING; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT; GREENHOUSE; HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE; POLICY; POLLUTION; POPULATION ISSUES; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; SCALE; SCIENCE; SPACESHIP EARTH; SUSTAINABILITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT; WAYS OF SEEING; WAYS OF THINKING] Clayton,Keith (1991): Scaling Environmental Problems. Geography 76(1), 2-15. <This paper advocates a core position for geographers in climate change and environmental debates but chides the discipline for not enthusiastically grasping the opportunities that arise from current circumstances.> [CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GREENHOUSE; HUMAN GEOGRAPHY; PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY; SCALE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS] Conzen,Michael P (1993): Culture Regions, Homelands, and Ethnic Archipelagos in the United States: Methodological Considerations. Journal of Cultural Geography 13(2), 13-29. <The concept of homeland has attracted little attention until now in American cultural geography, but it may offer meanings beyond those associated with culture areas or regions. This article considers homelands in light of other types of ethnic space and the criteria by which geographers recognise homelands in America. Indigeneity, exclusivity, cultural vitality, resilience, and scale are major elements that form the foundation of a homeland, and, because they are necessary prerequisites, onl y a few cultural groups have up to date developed recognizable ethnic homelands in the United States.> [CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; CULTURE; ETHNIC-GROUPS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HOMELANDS; USA] Cooke,Philip (1986): Global Restructuring Industrial Change and Local Adjustment. In: Global Restructuring Local Response. (Ed: Cooke,Philip) ESRC, London, 1-24. (Department of Town Planning, UWIST, Cardiff) [ECONOMICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; INDUSTRIAL LOCATION; LABOUR; LOCALITY; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE] Cooke,Philip (1987): Clinical Inference and Geographic Theory. Antipode 19(1), 69-78. (Department of Town Planning,UWIST,Cardiff CF1 3EU (UK)) [EMPIRICISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCALITY; MARXISM; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Cooke,Philip (1989): Locality-theory and the poverty of 'spatial variation'. Antipode 21(3), 261-273. (Department of Town Planning, University of Wales - Cardiff, PO Box 906, Cardiff CF1 3YN, Wales) [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LABOUR; LOCAL; LOCALITY; SCALE; SENSE OF PLACE; SOCIAL THEORY] Corbridge,S (1993): Marxisms, modernities, and moralities: development praxis and the claims of distant strangers. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11, 449-472. <This paper explores the impasse in Marxist development studies and welcomes the impetus behind many of the new voices(including new voices from the periphery). It is also concerned with promoting a radically modernist post-Marxism in which the deepening logics of time-space compression that bind together the modern world economy are recognised and in which the obligations that some peoples and institutions should hold distant(and not so distant) strangers are voiced. Geography is also placed at the centre of an argument for a minimally universalist account of human needs and our responsibilities to them.> [DEVELOPMENTALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; MARXISM; MODERNITY; POSTMODERNISM; PRAXIS; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Couclelis,Helen (1992): Location, Place, Region, and Space. In: Geography's Inner Worlds: pervasive themes in contemporary American Geography. (Eds: Abler,Ronald F; Marcus,Melvin G; Olson,Judy M) Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 215-233. <"Space is both expanse and confine, both what is between things and what contains them, both empty of matter and defined by the presence of matter; space is even an interval of time!" (p215). In her account of approaches to space, Couclelis discusses various adjectival spaces - mathematical, physical, socioeconomic, behavioural, and experiential and ultimately presents them (p232) as a nested hierarchy.> [HIERARCHY; LOCATION; PLACE; REGIONS; SCALE; SPACE] Courtenay,Percy Phillip (Ed.) (1982): Northern Australia: Patterns and problems of tropical development in an advanced country. Longman Cheshire, Melbourne. <<Photocopy of the chapters on mining and problem and prospects of northern development, also bibliography>> [AUSTRALIA; GEOGRAPHY; MINING; NORTHERN DEVELOPMENT; SCALE] Coveney,Peter; Highfield,Roger (1995): Frontiers of complexity: the search for order in a chaotic world. Faber and Faber, London. 462 pages. <The book examines the emerging 'science of complexity' which is bringing together insights from quantum physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology computing and artificial intelligence studies. The argument is that despite its great intellectual power and practical success, conventional scientific reductionism is unable to adequately tackle issues of complexity at the contemporary frontiers of science and that new computing power and the intersection new physics, chemistry and biological theory provides a new paradigm of complexity. The book begins with the work of Turing and von Neumann and refers back to their work on many occasions. Despite its clarity in communicating a range of cutting edge scientific work, the book remains locked into a reductionist and descriptive ont ology. It ignores the ethical implications until the final few pages and then deals with them very poorly - ignoring, for example, the implications of military funding of much of the work reported on in the text. There is a repeated assertion that the science of complexity is able to deal with social science issues such as the movement of stock markets, but this is naively argued and reflects a stunning ignorance of social science. In the end this is a frustrating and incomplete volume. The repeated use of a 'landscape' metaphor in which mathematical surfaces are described as 'landscapes' renders geography invisible and irrelevant - despite an overwhelming concern about scale (both geographical and otherwise). Scale (like so many other key issues/topics such as choice, freedom, justice, purpose, values, militarism) doesn't get an entry in the index!> [BIOLOGY; COMPLEXITY; EXPLANATION; QUANTUM PHYSICS; RESEARCH METHODS; SCALE; SCIENCE] Cox,Kevin R (1993): The local and the global in the new urban politics: a critical view. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11, 433-448. <the recent US literature on urban politics has been characterized by significant convergence. There has also been a marked focus on the politics of local economic development and there has also been an attempt to situate that politics with respect to processes of globalization. In particular, the globalization of the economy and correlative hypermobility of capital are seen as exerting strong redistributive pressure pressures on urban communities. This is the 'new urban politics'. Eval uation of this thesis proceeds first by a critical interrogation of the related concepts of of hypermobility of capital, and immobility of urban communities. This results in a respecification of the question as one of local dependence and the scale at which agents are locally dependent. This in turn allows the new urban politics to be critically linked to arguments about the territorial organization of the state. From this standpoint it also appears that claims for a secular tendency towards the hypermobility of capital lack coherence.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; GLOBALISATION; HYPERMOBILITY; LITERATURE REVIEW; LOCAL; SOCIAL THEORY; STATE; URBAN GEOGRAPHY; URBAN POLITICS] Cox,Kevin (Ed.) (1997): Spaces of Globalization: reasserting the power of the local. Guilford Press, New York. [CAPITALISM; DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE; FINANCIAL ISSUES; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; GLOCALIZATION; HIERARCHY; LOCAL; POLITICS; POSTMODERNISM; POWER; SCALE; TERRITORIALITY] Cox,Kevin R; Jonas,Andrew (1994): Busing for racial balance and the politics of space. manuscript submitted to Urban Affairs Quarterly. [COMMUNITY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LOCAL; POLITICS; RACISM; SOCIAL CHANGE; SPACE; URBAN GEOGRAPHY; USA] Dahlberg,Kenneth A (1992): Renewable resource systems and regimes. Global Environmental Change 2(2, June), 128-152. (Professor, Department of Political Science, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, M1 49008, USA) [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE; SOCIAL CHANGE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; THEORY; WAYS OF SEEING] Das,Gurcharan (1993): Local Memoirs of a Global Manager. Harvard Business Review (March- April), 38-47. <Managing in my homeland taught me to treasure the provincial as well as the universal.> [CORPORATE STRATEGY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALIZATION; INDIA; MANAGEMENT; WAYS OF SEEING] de Boer,Dirk H (1992): Hierarchies and spatial scale in process geomorphology: a review. Geomorphology 4, 303-318. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOMORPHOLOGY; HIERARCHY; PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY; PROCESS; SPACE; TIME] Delaney,David; Leitner,Helga (1997): The political construction of scale. Political Geography 16(2), 93-97. <'Geographic scale, referring to the nested hierarchy of bounded spaces of differing size such as local, regional, national and global, is a familiar and taken-for-granted concept for poltical geographers and political analysts. In much contemporary analysis of political organization and action, geographic scale is treated simply as different levels of analysis (from local to global) in which the investigation of poltical process is set. Recently this notion of geographic scale ... has been challenged. Geographers have shown that the geographic scale at which, for example, economic activities and political authority are constituted, is not fixed but periodically transformed.' (p93). This brief essay introduces a special issue of Political Geography on geographical scale. Contents of the issue are listed below (with relevant Papyrus #) * Agnew (#2343) The dramaturgy of horizons: geographical scale in the 'reconstruction of Italy' by the new Italian parties, 1992-95. * Leitner (#2344) Reconfiguring the spatiality of power * Herod (#2435) Labor's spatial praxis and the geography of contract bargaining in the US east coast longshore industry, 1953-89 * Miller (#2346) Political action and the geography of defense investment> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; PLACE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Delaney,David; Leitner,Helga (1997): Special Issue: Political Geography of Scale. Political Geography 16(2), February 1997. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; SCALE] Department of Indian and Northern Affairs (1996): The Arctic Environmental Strategy: Five Years of Progress. DIAND, Ottawa. 150 pages. <Canada's 1991 'State of the Environment' report described a serious pollution and environmental problem in the Arctic. Contaminants from distant sources, wastes at abandoned sites, environmental disturbance from mining, development and oil-and-gas exploration, and deteriorating water quality were identified as specific concerns. The Arctic Environmental Strategy was the Canadian government's response to this information. This report provides an overview of the strategy, its development and implementation. Five aboriginal groups (Council of Yukon First Nations; Dene Nation; M???tis Nation - NWT; Inuit Tapirisat of Canada; Inuit Circumpolar Conference) are dealt with as full partners in the strategy. This report is produced in one volume in English, French and Inuktitut.> [ACCOUNTABILITY; ARCTIC; CANADA; CONTAMINANTS; DENE; ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IMPLEMENTATION; INDIGENOUS RIGHTS; INSTITUTIONS; INUIT; INUIT CIRCUMPOLAR CONFERENCE; INUIT TAPIRISAT; LANGUAGE; METIS; PARTICIPATION; SCALE POLITICS; TOXIC CHEMICALS; TOXICITY; YUKON] Derkely,Harry (1991): Enga experience of participation in mining developments: a comment on Nongorr. Melanesian Law Journal Special Issue, 125-142. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LAND OWNERSHIP; MINING; MT KARE; OIL; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; POLICY; REGIONAL POLICY; SCALE; STATE] DeWalt,Billie R; Pelto,Pertti J (1985): Microlevel/Macrolevel Linkages: an introduction to the issues and a framework for analysis. In: Micro and Macro Levels of Analysis in Anthropology: issues in theory and research. (Eds: DeWalt,Billie R; Pelto,Pertti J) Westview, Boulder, 1-54. [ANTHROPOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Dicken,Peter (1994): Global-local tensions: firms and states in the global space-economy. Economic Geography 70(2), 101-128. (School of Geography, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom) [DEVELOPMENT; DIALECTICS; ECONOMICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBAL; NATION STATE; SPACE; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS] Dicken,Peter (1997): Transnational corporations and nation-states. International Social Science Journal 151, 77-89. <This paper reviews the history of TNCs and considers the ways in which TNCs and nation states interact, specifically the manifestation of regional economic blocs.> [ECONOMIC CONDITIONS; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; ECONOMIC ISSUES; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; INTERNATIONAL; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; NATION STATE; NATIONALISM; REGIONAL RESTRUCTURING; REGIONALISM; TNCS; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS] Dicken,Peter (1998): Global Shift: transforming the world economy. third ed. Paul Chapman Publishing, London. 496 pages. [CASE STUDIES; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBAL; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; NETWORKS; SCALE; STATE; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS] Dicken,Peter; PPeck,Jamie; Tickell,Adam (1997): Unpacking the global. In: Geographies of Economies. (Eds: Lee,Roger; Wills,Jane) Arnold, London, 158-166. <This paper offers a critical reading of the development of views of globalisation in economic geography and the social sciences.> [GLOBAL; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; IDENTITY; NATION STATE; SCALE; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL THEORY] Dixon,DP; Jones,JP (1998): My dinner with Derrida, or spatial analysis and poststructuralism do lunch. Environment and Planning A 30, 247-260. [CONTEXT; DERRIDA; EPISTEMOLOGY; GEOGRAPHY; METHODOLOGY; POST-STRUCTURALISM; RESEARCH; SCALE; SPACE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS] Donnan,Hastings; Wilson,Thomas S (1999): Borders: frontiers of identity, nation and state. Berg, Oxford. <Borders are where wars start, but they are also bridges - sites of cultural exchange that provide a revealing window on the relationship between 'self' and ' other' as nations and states strive to retain distinct identities and simultaneously adapt to new ideas. Drawing on examples from US/Mexico, Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, Spain/Morocco, Southeast Asia and Africa, Donnan and Wilson examine the role of the state, ethnicity, transnationalism, border symbols, rituals and identity in an effort to understand how nationalism informs attitudes and behaviour at local, national and international levels. Although the discussion relies on a scaled understanding or social, cultural and political process, there is no conceptual discussion of scale.> [ANTHROPOLOGY; BORDERS; BOUNDARIES; CASE STUDIES; CULTURE; ETHNIC IDENTITY; FRONTIER; GEOGRAPHY; HISTORY; IDENTITY; NATION STATE; NATIONAL IDENTITY; NATIONALISM; SCALE; SOCIOLOGY; STATE; TRANSNATIONALISM] Douglass,Mike (2000): The rise and fall of world cities in the changing space-economy of globalization: comment on Peter J Taylor's 'World cities and territorial states under conditions of contemporary globalization'. Political Geography 19(1), 43-49. <This brief paper comments of Taylor's 1999 Political Geography Lecture (#3652). Douglass considers the implications of Taylor's argument in terms of labour and the state.> [BRAUDEL; CASE STUDY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL SOCIAL RESEARCH; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; LABOUR; NATION STATE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; RESEARCH METHODS; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS; URBAN ISSUES; WORLD CITIES] Duncan,James; Ley,David (Eds.) (1993): place/culture/representation. Routledge, London and New York. 341 pages. <The authors argue that as we write we are not just representing some geographic reality, we are also creating maeaning; writing is as much about context as it is about purported reality. The issue becomes not one of scientific truth as an end but the interpretation of cultural constructions as a means. Discussing authorial power, discourses of the other, texts and intertextuality, lansdscape metaphor, the sites of power-knowledge relations, and notions of community and sense of place, the authors explore the ways in which a more fluid and sensitive geographer's art can help us make sense of ourselves and the landscapes and places we inhabit and think about.> [CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; CULTURAL STUDIES; CULTURE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; PLACE; REPRESENTATION; SENSE OF PLACE; TEXTUAL STRATEGIES; WAYS OF SEEING] Duncan,Nancy (Ed.) (1996): BodySpace: destablizing geographies of gender and sexuality. Routledge, London and New York. [EMBODIMENT; FEMINISM; GENDER; MAPPING; PLACE; RACE RELATIONS; RESISTANCE; SCALE; SEXUALITY; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; TRANSGRESSION] Duncan,S; Savage,M (1989): Space, Scale and Locality. Antipode 21(3), 179-206. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LABOUR; LOCALITY; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; REGIONAL INEQUALITY; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Duncan,S; Savage,M (1991): New perspectives on the locality debate. Environment and Planning A 23(2), 155-164. [DISCOURSE ANALYSIS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCAL; LOCALITY; POWER; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Dunford,Mick; Kafkalas,Grigoris (Eds.) (1992): Cities and regions in the new Europe: the global-local interplay and spatial development strategies. Belhaven Press, London. 339 pages. [CITIES; CORPORATE GOVERNANCE; CORPORATE STRATEGY; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; ECONOMIC ISSUES; EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNIFICATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GREECE; INDUSTRIALISATION; INDUSTRY STUDIES; REGIONAL ECONOMIES; REGIONAL PLANNING; REGIONAL RESTRUCTURING; REGIONS; REGULATION; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL CONDITIONS; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS; URBAN GEOGRAPHY; URBAN ISSUES] Dunford,Mick; Kafkalas,Grigoris (1992): The global-local interplay, corporate geographies and spatial development strategies in Europe. In: Cities and Regions in the New Europe. (Eds: Dunford,Mick; Kafkalas,Grigoris) Belhaven Press, London, 3-38. [CITIES; EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNIFICATION; FINANCIAL ISSUES; GLOBAL; GLOBAL-LOCAL; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; LOCAL; NETWORKS; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; REGULATION; SCALE; URBAN GEOGRAPHY; URBAN PLANNING] Dunford,Mick; Smith,Adrian (1999): Catching up or falling behind?: economic performance and regional trajectories in an enlarged Europe. unpublished paper, Schools of European Studies and Social Sciences, University of Sussex. <This paper examines the trajectories of economic development of European national and regional economies in the light of the pressures for greater integration and enlargement of the European Union. Using a variety of data sets the paper demonstrates that there are significant variations in the speed and direction of change in per capita income and in productivity and employment rates across countries, and a sample of European regions, falling behind (divergence) occurs as well as catching up (convergence), Making sense of spatial development therefore requires, the authors argue, that attention be paid to p[rocesses of differentiation and, in particular, to the falling behind experienced by less developed areas in East-Central Europe and the forging ahead of the most developed, as well as to processes of catch up. The paper also contributes to an assessment of the appropriateness of interpretations of growth and spatial development through countering the dominant discourse of convergence in neo-classical and neo-liberal formulations, and by suggesting that integration brings with it a number of important territorial 'costs' associated with increasing inequity.> [CONVERGENCE; DIVERGENCE; EASTERN EUROPE; EMPLOYMENT; EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; PRODUCTIVITY; REGIONALISM; SCALE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT] Dybbroe,Susanne (1991): Local Organisation and Cultural Identity in Greenland in a National Perspective. North Atlantic Studies 3(1), 5-17. <Important contributions have been made to understand the function of locality in the construction of cultural identity. Focus has variably been directed at the role of place and the role of aspects of social organisation in creating a symbolic bond between members of local communities. This article discusses contextual meanings of locality in Greenland and sketches possible implications for the symbolic integration of locality and nation. Proceeding by way of an outline of the importance of 'place' underlying social organisation of communities in the traditional-contact Inuit society, it is concluded that the symbolic importance of local communties is a function of their integration in the wider social structure.> [CULTURE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GREENLAND; IDENTITY; INUIT; LOCALITY; SENSE OF PLACE] Economou,D (1993): New Forms of geographical inequalities and spatial problems in Greece. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11, 583-598. <The dynamics of restructuring of capital over the last fifteen years produced new territorial realities. One fundamental aspect of this evolution, in the case of Greece, is the relative decrease of interregional inequalities and the strengthening and/or appearance of new intraregional disparities. A second group of developments consist of intensification of a series of spatial organisation problems that affect both urban and nonurban areas (land-uses' conflicts, environmenatl conditions, traffic). As far as the future is concerned, the determinant framework of the 1990's will be the process of European unification. Although the implications of the spatial dimension (regional policy, environmental policy, projected urban policy) of the EC policies will generally be beneficial, the broader implications of the above process seem more ambivalent. The main fields of concern are: difficulties in the participation of Greek Regions in the emerging Mediterranean arc of development; retardation of growth in rural areas (as a result of the new CAP) and the increase of intraregional inequalities; and aggravation of the conditions in the fields of land uses and the urban environment (because of increasing competition between the southern European regions, and between the European cities).> [ECONOMIC CONDITIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS; EUROPEAN UNIFICATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GREECE; LAND USE; POLICY; REGIONAL POLICY; RESTRUCTURING; URBAN PLANNING] Edwards,Michael J (1996): Definitions, threats and pyramids: the changing faces of security. Environment and Security 1(1), 96-123. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HOLISM; METAPHOR; MILITARISM; PACIFIC; POWER; SECURITY; SOCIAL THEORY; WAYS OF SEEING] Edwards,Michael J (1997): Threats in the Greenhouse: climate change and security in the Southwest Pacific. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Earth Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney. 344 p. <This thesis introduces a model called the 'pyramid of hostile security' to explore the concept of security and threats in relation to climate change, environmental security and geopolitical decision making in the southwest Pacific.> [CASE STUDIES; CLIMATE CHANGE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOPOLITICS; GREENHOUSE; PACIFIC; PACIFIC ISLANDERS; PACIFIC RIM; POWER; SECURITY] Elander,I; Stromberg,T; Danermark,B; Soderfelt,B (1991): Locality research and comparative analysis: the case of local housing policy in Seden. Environment and Planning A 23(2), 179-196. [DISCOURSE ANALYSIS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; HOUSING; LOCAL; LOCALITY; POWER; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; SWEDEN] Eliot Hurst,Michael E (1973): Establishment geography: or how to be irrelevant in three easy lessons. Antipode 5(2), 40-59. [GEOGRAPHY; SCALE] Entrikin,J Nicholas (1991): The Betweenness of Place: towards a geography of modernity. Macmillan, Basingstoke. 196 pages. <Entrikin develops an argument about place, and at a wider scale region. He traces 20th Century arguments about place. He considers the tension, developing since the Enlightenment, between centred subjective views and decentred objective views and concludes that the significance of place in modern life is associated with the fact that as actors we are always situated in place, period and culture, and that the contexts of our actions contribute to our sense of identity. The study of place is, therefore, of fundamental importance to our understanding of modern life. Places are best understood, Entrikin argues, from positions in between the decentred vantage point of the detached theoretical scientist and the centred viewpoint of the subject.> [CONTEXT; EPISTEMOLOGY; GEOGRAPHY; IDENTITY; INBETWEENESS; OBJECTIVITY; PLACE; POSITIONALITY; SCALE; SCIENCE; SENSE OF PLACE; SOCIAL THEORY; SUBJECTIVITY; WAYS OF SEEING] Environment and Planning A (1991): New Perspectives on the Locality Debate (special issue). Environment and Planning A 23(2), . <'Locality' emerged as an important idea in the social sciences in the 1980s. While widely used it is an infuriating and confusing idea. This issue of the journal Environment & Planning A includes contributions from Duncan & Savage (editors), Cox & Mair, Peter Jackson, Doreen Massey and Andrew Sayer amongst others.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; HUMAN GEOGRAPHY; LOCAL; LOCALITY; LOCALITY STUDIES; POWER; REPRESENTATION; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY] Eriksen,Thomas Hylland (1997): The nation as a human being - a metaphor in a mid-life crisis? Notes on the imminent collapse of Norwegian national identity. In: Siting Culture: the shifting anthropological object. (Eds: Olwig,Karen Fog; Hastrup,Kirsten) Routledge, London and New York, 103-122. <Like an individual, the nation has a biography and a developmental history. Eriksen sees the disintegration of the bounded, self-sustaining individual in relation to the growing questioning of the nation and explores the connections between the two processes in the case of Norway.> [ANTHROPOLOGY; BOUNDARIES; CULTURE; ESSENTIALISM; ETHNIC IDENTITY; ETHNOGRAPHY; GEERTZ; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; IDENTITY; IDEOLOGY; INDIVIDUAL; LANGUAGE; LINGUISTICS; MEDIA; METAPHOR; MIGRATION; MINORITY RIGHTS; NATION STATE; NATIONAL IDENTITY; NATIONALISM; NORWAY; SAAMI; SCALE; SOVEREIGNTY; TECHNOLOGY; TERRITORY] Escobar,Arturo (1984-85): Discourse and power in development: Michell Foucault and the relevance of his work to the Third World. Alternatives 10, 377-400. [DEVELOPMENT; FOUCAULT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LATIN AMERICAN; NARRATIVE; POWER; RESISTANCE; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; TEXTUAL STRATEGIES] Ettlinger,Nancy (1994): The localization of development in comparative perspective. Economic Geography 70(2), 144-166. (Dept of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1361) [DEVELOPMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; NATION STATE; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL CHANGE] Fagan,Bob (1991): From global to local: perspectives on the challenge of geography in the 1990s. Australian Geographical Studies 29(2), 199-201. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBAL; LOCAL; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE] Fagan,Robert H (1987): Local employment initiatives: long-term strategies or 'flavour of the month'? Australian Geographer 18(1), 21-56. [AUSTRALIA; EMPLOYMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCAL; POLICY; POLITICS; UK] Fagan,RH (1988): The dynamics of local economic development in Western Sydney. Paper presented to University of Sydney, Planning Research Centre, Seminar Series on "Western Sydney: growth and development 1. Local government economic development", 27 May 1988. (Associate Professor of Geography, Macquarie University.) [AUSTRALIA; ECONOMICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCAL GOVERNMENT; MANUFACTURING; POLITICS; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE; STRATEGIES] Fagan,Robert (1994): Environment, culture and policy: restructuring economic geography in the '90s. unpublished paper, Macquarie University. [CULTURE; DIVISION OF LABOUR; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; POLICY; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL THEORY] Fagan,Robert (1994): Globalisation: implications for local labour markets in Western Sydney. unpublished paper, Macquarie University. [CULTURE; DIVISION OF LABOUR; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LABOUR; POLICY; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL THEORY; WESTERN SYDNEY] Fagan,Robert (1994): Restructuring scale in human geography. paper presented at Workshop on Geographical Scale in Society and the Environment, Macquarie University, December 1994. [CULTURE; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENT; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBAL; LNG RELATIONS; RESTRUCTURING] Fagan,Robert H (1995): The region as political discourse. Plenary Paper, Institute of Australian Geographers Conference, Newcastle Town Hall, Newcastle, NSW, September 1995. [ASIA PACIFIC; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; IDEOLOGY; MARGINALISATION; METAPHOR; NATION STATE; NEOLIBERALISM; RATIONALISM; REGIONAL ECONOMIES; REGIONAL INEQUALITY; REGIONAL PLANNING; REGIONAL POLICY; REGIONS; RELATIONAL; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE; STATE] Fagan,Robert H (1997): Local Food/Global Food: globalization and local restructuring. In: Geographies of Economies. (Eds: Lee,Roger; Wills,Jane) Arnold, London, 197-208. [CORPORATE CULTURE; CORPORATE POWER; CORPORATE STRATEGY; FOOD; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; NATION STATE; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE; STATE; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS] Fagan,Robert H; Jacobs,Jane (1998): Geography. In: Challenges for the Social Sciences and Australia (vol 1). (Ed: Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia) Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 119-128. [ANTHROPOLOGY; DEMOGRAPHY; DIFFERENCE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE; HUMAN GEOGRAPHY; IDENTITY; INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES; PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY; PLANNING; POLITICAL ECONOMY; SCALE; SOCIAL IMPACTS; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL SCIENCE; SOCIOLOGY; SUSTAINABILITY; UNIVERSITY] Fagan,Robert; Le Heron,Richard (1994): Reinterpreting the geography of accumulation: the global shift and local restructuring. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12, 265-285. (School of Earth Sciences, Macquarie Univeresity NSW 2109 and Dept of Geography, Massey Universsity, Palmerston North, NZ) [BRYAN; CAPITALISM; ECONOMICS; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBAL; INTERNATIONALISATION; LOCAL; METHODOLOGY; NATION STATE; REGIONS; REGULATION; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL THEORY; SPATIAL DIVISIONS OF LABOUR] Fanstein,Susan S (1999): Power and geographic scale: comments on Morrill. Political Geography 18, 39-43. <Morrill (see #3408) generalises that decisions are usually made at the highest level of national geographic scale because it is at this scale that the most powerful social groupings operate most effectively. Contradictory social forces, however, mean that this generalisation is onl y partially correct. Centralized power has ebbed and flowed historically. Fanstein discusses the historical circumstances of the Hanford case.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INEQUALITY; LAND USE; NUCLEAR ENERGY; PLANNING; POWER; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; USA] Featherstone,Mike (1993): Global and local cultures. In: Mapping the futures: local cultures, global change. (Eds: Bird,Jon; Curtis,Barry; Putnam,Tim; Robertson,George; Tickner,Lisa) Routledge, London, 169-187. [DIFFERENCE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; PLACE; POLITICS; POSTMODERNISM; POWER; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; URBAN GEOGRAPHY] Featherstone,Mike (1993): Global and Local Cultures. In: Mapping the Futures: local cultures, global change. (Eds: Bird,Jan; Curtis,Barry; Putnam,Tim; Robertson,George; Tickner,Lisa) Routledge, London, 169-187. <This chapter discusses the process of globalization and its effect on local cultures. The two notions of global and local cultures are seen as relational.> [CULTURE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; LOCAL; POLITICS; RELATIONAL; SCALE; WAYS OF SEEING] Feitelson,Eran (1991): Sharing the globe: the role of attachment to place. Global Enviromental Change (December), 396-406. [ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; SCALE] Flad,HK (1972): The urban American Indians of Syracuse, New York: human exploration of urban ethnic space. Antipode 4(2), 88-99. [AMERICAN INDIANS; ETHNICITY; GEOGRAPHY; SCALE; SPACE] Fondahl,Gail A (1996): Contested Terrain: changing boundaries and identities in southeastern Siberia. Post-Soviet Geography 37(1), 3-15. <A boundary dispute between two rayons in East Siberia's Buryat Republic is described anbd analyzed as an example of how changing cultural identities among Russia's peoples are reflected in efforts to renegotiate power relationships in favour of enhanced local autonomy and/or indigenous rights. Baunt Rayon has based its claim to a contested area on the priority of protecting indigenous modes of economic activity and lifestyles, whereas newly-created Muya Rayon's claim is based on increasing the effectiveness of local self-government in the interests of a modernizing society. The ways in which this ong oing dispute has been influenced by the Buryat Republic's efforts to increase its autonomy within the Russian Federation are also explored.> [AUTONOMY; BORDERS; BOUNDARIES; BURYAT REPUBLIC; COLD WAR; CONFLICT; CONTESTED TERRAIN; CULTURE; EVENKI; FRONTIER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IDENTITY; INDIGENOUS RIGHTS; LOCAL AUTHORITIES; MODERNIZATION; NATION STATE; POWER; REGIONAL RESTRUCTURING; REPRESENTATION; RUSSIA; SELF GOVERNMENT; SIBERIA; SOVEREIGNTY; SOVIET UNION; TERRITORIAL INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXES; TERRITORIALITY; TERRITORIES; TRADITIONAL ECONOMY; TRADITIONAL USAGE] Foster-Carter,A (1978): The Modes of Production Controversy. New Left Review 107, 47-77. [ARTICULATION; CAPITALISM; DEVELOPMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; MARGINALISATION; MARXISM; SOCIAL THEORY; TRANSITION] Fox,Jefferson (1992): The problem of scale in community resource management. Environmental Management 16, 289-297. <Scale is a fundamental variable in most community resource management programs. This is true both in terms of scale as a management concept (i.e. local, regional, and national level management) as well as mapping concept (i.e. units on the map per unit on the ground). Julian Steward, the father of human ecology, recognised as early as 1950 that social scientists have failed to develop methods for incorporating the effect of scale in their work. This article seeks to determine whether methods used in plant and animal ecology for assessing the effects of scale are applicable to community resource management. The article reviews hierarchy theory and multiple scales, two methods (one theoretical and the other practical) for dealing with problems that span many scales. The application of these methods to community resource management programs is examined by way of an example.> [COMMUNITY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; PARTICIPATION; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; SCALE; SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL THEORY] Friedman,Jonathan (1993): Order and Disorder in global systems: a sketch. Social Research 60(2), 203-234. [DISCOURSE ANALYSIS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOPOLITICS; MODERNISM; NEW WORLD ORDER; POSTMODERNISM; POWER; SCALE; SOCIAL MOVEMENTS; WAYS OF SEEING] Frissell,Christopher A; Liss,William J; Warren,Charles E; Hurley,Michael D (1986): A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: viewing streams in a watershed context. Environmental Management 10(2), 199-214. [CLASSIFICATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOMORPHOLOGY; HABITAT; HIERARCHY; PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY; STREAM; TEMPORAL SCALE] Galtung,Johan (1980): The politics of self-reliance. In: Self-Reliance: a strategy for development. (Eds: Galtung; O'Brien; Preiswerk) Inst. for Dev't Studies, Geneva, 355-383. [AUTONOMY; DEVELOPMENT; EMPOWERMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; POLITICS; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; THIRD WORLD] Galtung,Johan (1980): Self-Reliance: Concepts, Practice and Rationale. In: Self-Reliance: a strategy for development. (Eds: Galtung; O'Brien; Preiswerk) Inst. for Dev't Studies, Geneva, 19-44. [AUTONOMY; DEVELOPMENT; EMPOWERMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; POLITICS; POWER; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; THIRD WORLD] Galtung,Johan (1996): On the social costs of modernization: social disintegration, atomie/anomie and social development. Development and Change 27(2), 379-413. <This essay presents a provocative and pesimistic picture of the human condition at the end of the twentieth century. Many societies are seen to be caught up in a process of destructuration and deculturation - here defined as 'atomie' and 'anomie'. This is accompanied by a collapse and corruption of institutions, an isolation of individuals and the growing predominance of purely egotistical motivation for action. In the cultural sphere, modernization seems either to have entirely undermined religious belief or encouraged an intolerant fundamentalist backlash. One way to reverse this apparent slide toward anaomie might be to draw upon the connecting, unifying force of all tolerant and compassionate religions.> [FUTURES; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; HISTORY; MARGINALISATION; OPTIMISM; RELIGION; SOCIAL THEORY; WAYS OF SEEING] Gardner,Julia (1989): Acting Locally: Community strategies for equitable sustainable development. Alternatives 16(3), 36-47. [COMMUNITY; EQUITY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; LOCALITY; NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS; POLITICS; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT] Gardner,Julia; Roseland,Mark (1989): Thinking Globally: the role of social equity in sustainable development. Alternatives 16(3), 26-35. [EQUITY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS; POLITICS; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT] Getimis,Panayiotis; Kafkalas,Grigoris (1992): Local development and forms of regulation: fragmentation and hierarchy of spatial policies in Greece. Geoforum 23(1), 73-83. <This article is based upon theoretical and empirical findings of a series of research projects and debates. The argument is built upon the assumption that the relationships between local development and the forms of regulatory policies pursued at either the local or national level do not constitute an internally coherent and non-differentiated framework. Rather, regulatory frameworks are seen as consisting of open-ended processes which involve both structural and contingent elements in various combinations of contradictions and concensus, held together by their capacity to remain compatible with the requirements of social reproduction. The first section concerns the tendency of the new geography to move away from the onc e dominant issues of the restructuring of capital on a global scale and towards the upgrading of the locality and the specificity of place. The second section concentrates on the Greek experience of policy transformation and productive restructuring, where tension between the opposite forces of localisation and globalisation are examined. Finally, a detailed analysis of the nature and implementation of local policies provides an ilolustration of the trends which have made the locality and the local state the vehicles for those fragemented forms of regulation which have emerged during the crisis and restructuring of the mode of development.> [DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; GREECE; LOCAL; LOCALITY; MODE OF REGULATION; PLACE; REGULATION; RESTRUCTURING; SPACE] Gibson,Chris (1998): "We sing our home, we dance our land”: indiengous self-determination and contemporary geopolitics in Australian popular music. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16, 163-184. <Strategies for indigenous self-determination have emerged at unique junctures in national and global geopolitical arenas, challenging the formal hegemony of the nation-state with claims to land rights, sovereignty and self-governance. These movements are reflected qualitatively, in a variety of social, political and cultural forms, including popular music in Australia. An analysis of the 'cultural apparatus', recordings, and popular performance events of indigenous musicians reveals the construction of 'arenas of empowerment' at a variety of geo. scales, within which Aboriginal self-determination and self-expression can exist.> [AUSTRALIA; CULTURE; GEOGRAPHY; GEOPOLITICAL; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; MUSIC; SCALE; SELF-DETERMINATION] Gibson,KD; Horvath,Ronald J (1983): Global capital and the restructuring crisis in Australian Manufacturing. Economic Geography 59(2), 178-194. (Gibson - ANU; Horvath - Sydney University) [AUSTRALIA; CAPITALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LABOUR; MANUFACTURING; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE] Gibson-Graham,JK (1997): Re-placing class in economic geographies: possibilitites for a new class politics. In: Geographies of Economies. (Eds: Lee,Roger; Wills,Jane) Arnold, London, 87-97. <Gibson-Graham argues that 'the concept of class could be used as a much more effective tool for constituting landscapes of economic difference, landscapes in which capitalist *and* non-capitalist class relations are visible and vibrant' (p87). This paper offers a preliminary effort to 're-place' class in economic geographies as a dimension of difference.> [ANTI-ESSENTIALISM; CLASS; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; FEMINISM; FEMINIST GEOGRAPHY; IDENTITY; LANDSCAPE; LOCALITY; POLITICS; POWER; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY] Gilbert,Anne (1988): The new regional geography in English and French-speaking countries. Progress in Human Geography 12(2), 208-228. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; REGIONS; SOCIAL THEORY] Gough,J (1991): Structure, System and Contradiction in the Capitalist Space Economy. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 9, 433-449. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; STRUCTURALISM] Green,Milford B; Cromley,Robert G (?): The horizontal merger: its motives and spatial employment impacts. Economic Geography, 358-370. <<no date offered on paper>> [EMPLOYMENT; GEOGRAPHY; MANUFACTURING; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE] Gregory,Derek; Martin,Ron; Smith,Graham (Eds.) (1994): Human Geography: society, space, and social science. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. <Based on the premise that the cross-fertilisation of ideas and concepts between human geogrphy and the social sciences is central to the continuing process of rethinking human geography, these essays examine some of the major issues and questions facing the world today. Topics covered include the increased globalisation of production, finance and culture; the challenges facing the nation state and our understanding of political community; the importance of environmentalism; and the reshaping of places and their cultural and political identities in the wake of both globalisation and localism. In examining these tumultuous changes 'Human Geography' engages with some central theoretical and methodological concerns of postpositivist human geography, including historical materialism, structuration theory, feminist theory and postmodernism. Contents include: * Introduction: Human Geography, Social Change and Social Science (D Gregory, R Martin & G Smith) (See # 3375) * Economic Theory and Human Geography (R Martin) * Political Theory and Human Geography (G Smith) * Social Theory and Human Geography (D Gregory) (See # 3376) * The Environmental Challenge (T Bayliss-SMith and Susan Owens) * The Transformation of Cultural Geography (L McDowell) (See # 3377) * Images, myths, and alternative geographies of the Third World (M Bell) * Taking aim at the heart of the region (N Thrift) (See # 3378) * Urban Geography in a changing world (S Smith) * History, Geography and the 'Still Greater Mystery' of Historical Geography (C Philo) (See # 3379)> [CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GEOPOLITICS; HUMAN GEOGRAPHY; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; REPRESENTATION; SCALE; SOCIAL SCIENCE; SOCIAL THEORY] Hadjimichalis,Costis (1994): The fringes of Europe and EU integration: a view from the south. European Urban and Regional Studies 1(1), 19-29. <Regions and cities in southern Europe are facing major problems in the present phase of European integration. Current changes in their spatial division of labour seem not to have been adequately understood by national and EU policy makers as both are pre-occupied with the 'gap appraoch' and a linear view of the development process. The Maastricht Treaty pays little attention to non-economic, non-competition issues in general and to urban and regional issues in particular. Souther fringes struggled a century ago for their integration into their national states and economies. For various historical reasons, this project remained unfinished until the 1960s and 1970s. Now they have to start their struggle again under conditions of a zero sum game in a culturally unknown environment.> [CULTURE; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GREECE; PORTUGAL; REGIONAL POLICY; REGIONALISM; SENSE OF PLACE; SPAIN; SPATIAL DIVISIONS OF LABOUR; URBAN GEOGRAPHY] Hadjimichalis,Costis (1994): Global-local social conflicts: examples from Southern Europe. In: Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. (Eds: Amin,Ash; Thrift,Nigel) Oxford University Press, Oxford, 239-256. <<This is an excellent paper which includes a useful typology of social movements>> [EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; GREECE; ITALY; NATION STATE; NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS; PORTUGAL; REGIONALISM; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE; SENSE OF PLACE; SOCIAL MOVEMENTS; SOCIAL THEORY; SPAIN] Hadjimichalis,Costis; Hastaoglou,Vilma; Georgoulis,Dimitris; Leontidou,Lila; Papamichos,Nicos; Vaiou,Dina (Eds.) (1991): Undefended cities and regions facing the new European order: proceedings of the Lemnos 1991 International Seminar. Dept of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Thessaloniki; Dept of Urban and Regional Planning, National Technical University of Athens, Deopt of Geography and REgional Development, National Technical University of Athens, Athens and Thessaloniki. [EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GREECE; REGIONALISM; SOCIAL THEORY; URBAN ISSUES] Haggett,Peter (1965): Locational Analysis in Human Geography. Edward Arnold, London. 339 pages. [EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; HIERARCHY; HUMAN GEOGRAPHY; LOCATION; METHODOLOGY; MOVEMENT; NETWORKS; PLACE; QUANTITATIVE METHODS; RESEARCH METHODS; SPACE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS] Haggett,P (1965): Region-building. Chap. 9. In: Locational Analysis in Human Geography. (Ed: Hagget,P) Edward Arnold, London, 241-276. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; MAPPING; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; REGIONAL POLICY; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY] Haggett,Peter (1975): Geography: a modern synthesis. second ed. Harper & Row, New York. 620 pages. [GEOGRAPHY; PLACE; SCALE; SPACE; SYSTEMS THEORY; TEXT BOOK] Halperin,Morton H; Scheffer,David J; Small,Patricia L (1992): Self-determination in the new world order. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington DC. 178 pages. <Provides a critique of the US's delays in establishing new institutions to handle and influence the outcomes of self-determination disputes in international and regional affairs in the post Cold War era. The analysis provides a typology of self-determination claims, and its policy goal is strongly oriented to the reinforcement of US power> <<.>> [COLD WAR; CONFLICT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; INTERNATIONAL LAW; IRAQ; LEGAL ISSUES; MILITARISM; NATION STATE; NEW WORLD ORDER; PEACE; POWER; SCALE; SELF-DETERMINATION; SOVEREIGNTY; SOVIET UNION; UNITED NATIONS; USA; YUGOSLAVIA] Harvey,David (1993): From space to place and back again: reflections on the condition of postmodernity. In: Mapping the futures: local cultures, global change. (Eds: Bird,Jon; Curtis,Barry; Putnam,Tim; Robertson,George; Tickner,Lisa) Routledge, London, 3-29. [DIFFERENCE; GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; PLACE; PLACEMAKING; POLITICS; POSTMODERNISM; POWER; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; URBAN GEOGRAPHY] Harvey,David (1993): The nature of environment: the dialectics of social and environmental change. In: Socialist Register 1993: Real Problems, False Solutions. (Eds: Miliband,Ralph; Panitch,Leo) Merlin Press, London, 1-51. (N) [ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; MARXISM; NATURE; POLITICS; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY] Harvey,David (1996): Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Blackwells, Oxford. 468 pages. <This book engages with the politics of social and environmental justice and the future of urbanization. It examines the foundational concepts of space, time, place and nature and how they are constituted through social practices. The book begins with a consideration of the problematic nature of action and analysis at different scales of space and time and reviews dialectical thinking. It goes on to review how 'nature' and 'environment' are understood and valued and seeks to situate contemporary environmental issues. It then goes on to a wide-ranging discussion of the social production of space and time and issues of history, geography and culture, otherness and difference. Finally, Harvey turns the concepts and arguments developed in the earlier section of the book to a consideration of contemporary problems of social justice.> [CULTURE; DIFFERENCE; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; HISTORY; JUSTICE; NATURE; OTHER; PLACE; PROCESS; RELATIONAL; SCALE; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; TIME; URBAN ISSUES] * Reference has 1 notecard * Harvey,David (1997): Considerations on the Environment of Justice. paper presented to the Conference on Environmental Justice: Global Ethics for the 21st Century, University of Melbourne, October 1-3 1997. <In this paper Harvey reviews ideas and implications of environmental justice in terms of the desirability and possibility of a 'universal' environmental ethic. He reviews the nature of diversity within the environmental movement and urges application of a process of 'translation' (involving both clarity about one 's own language and recognition of the 'other' as 'a center of meaning apart from one self' (quoting James Boyd White).> [ABSTRACTION; ALIENATION; ANIMAL RIGHTS; ANTHROPOCENTRICISM; BIOREGIONAL PLANNING; COMPLEXITY; DAVID HARVEY; DEEP ECOLOGY; DIALECTICS; ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS; ETHICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GREEN MOVEMENTS; JUSTICE; LANGUAGE; MARXISM; OTHER; POLITICAL ECOLOGY; POLITICS; POLYPHONY; RELATIONAL; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; TRANSLATION; UNIVERSALITY; WAYS OF SEEING] Hay,Iain M; Bell,James E (1990): Small spaces and big states: changing state relations in a new global environment. Tijdschrift voor Econ. en Soc. Geografie 81(5), 322-331. (Wollongong, NSW, Australia and Seattle, Washington, USA) [ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; LABOUR; SCALE; STATE] Hebbert,Michael (1993): 1992: Myth and Aftermath. Regional Studies 27(8), 709-718. <We had known for years that 1992 was going to be a landmark year in the history of regionalism in Europe, but not what mixed associations the date would hold. The Regional Studies Association decided, in the spirit of 1992, to hold its annual conference on the broad theme of regionalism and devolution in the United Kingdom, taken in the larger context of ever-closer union in Europe. The innocence and optimism of the proposal had to be qualified by intervening events by the time the conference occurred. This paper reviews the debates at the annual conference in the light of all that happened during the year.> [DEVOLUTION; EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; REGIONALISM; UNITED KINGDOM] Henderson-Sellers,Ann (1991): Global climatic change: the difficulties of assessing impacts. Australian Geographical Studies 29(2), 202-225. <The 1990 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) asserted the reality of humanity's disturbance of the natural climate system, demanded studies to improve our knowledge of processes vulnerable to climatic changes, and called for policy responses to mitigate and adapt to these changes. Two fundamental issues are: how will global climatic change affect natural resources and human populations, and how will the impetus towards policy responses, particularly greenhouse gas emission reduction treaties, affect industry, the economy and trade? This paper reviews the status of numerical climate modelling especiaaly as it pertains to scenarios of the effects of human-enhanced greenhouse warming.> [CLIMATE CHANGE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBAL; HIERARCHY; IMPACT ASSESSMENT; MODELLING; POLICY; REPRESENTATION; RESOLUTION; RESOURCES; SCIENCE] Herb,Guntram H; Kaplan,David H (Eds.) (1999): Nested Identities: nationalism, territory, and scale. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham MD. 343 pages. <This collection of papers by geographers from the UAS, Canada, UK, Finland and Israel explores the vital importance of territory and space to understanding nationalism and identity. Too often, the authors argue, national identity is anlaysed in isolation from the land that is integral to its formation. The essays combine theoretical insights with empirical case studies of the ways in which national identity manifests itself at different geographical scales.> [BORDERS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; HIERARCHY; IDENTITY; MIGRATION; NATIONAL IDENTITY; NATIONALISM; NESTING; PLACE; POWER; REGIONALISM; SCALE; TERRITORY] Herod,Andrew (1991): The production of scale in United States labour relations. Area 23(1), 82-88. (Department of Geography, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA) [COMMUNITY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LABOUR; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY] Herod,Andrew (1997): Labor's spatial praxis and the geography of contract bargaining in the US east coast longshore industry, 1953-89. Political Geography 16(2), 145-170. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; NEGOTIATION; PLACE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; POLITICS; POWER; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; TRADE UNIONS; USA] Herod,Andrew (1997): Notes on a spatialized labour politics: scale and the political geography of dual unionism in the US longshore industry. In: Geographies of Economies. (Eds: Lee,Roger; Wills,Jane) Arnold, London, 186-196. <From a starting point that recognises the implicitly spatialisation of labour relations, Herod argues that the exercise of power in labour relations is not onl y spatilaised but also scaled.> [CASE STUDY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS; LABOUR; POWER; SCALE; TRADE UNIONS; UNIONISM; USA; WATERFRONT] Herzfeld,Michael (1998): Book review: Senses of Place. American Anthropologist 100.1, 195-243. [ANTHROPOLOGY; GEOGRAPHY; PLACE; SCALE; SPACE] Hobsbawm,Eric J (1996): The future of the state. Development and Change 27(2), 267-278. <After reviewing the historically specific characteristics of the modern nation state, this essay discusses both supranational and infranational forces which now work to undermine some of the powers and functions of even the oldest and most firmly established states. Two popular visions of alternative arrangements, associated with free market ultra-liberalism and the philosophy of 'small is beautiful', are rejected since neither the market nor decentralization or breakup of existing states can provide an adequate solution to their problems. As trends in economic development increase the likelihood that wealth will be generated by a smaller proportion of total populations, the redistributive function of the public sector is likely to become more important than ever.> [FUTURES; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; NATION STATE; NATIONALISM; POLITICS; SOCIAL THEORY; STATE; TERRITORIALITY; WAYS OF SEEING] Holly,Brian P (1978): The problem of scale in time-space research. In: Time and Regional Dynamics. (Eds: Carlstein,Tommy; Parkes,Don; Thrift,Nigel) Edward Arnold, London, 1-18. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; QUANTITATIVE METHODS; SCALE; SPACE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; SPATIAL SCALE; TIME; TIME SCALE] Horvarth,Ron J (2000): Book Review: "Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the imagination of disaster". Urban Geography ?(?), ? <<Book review of Mike Davis's "Ecology of fear: Los Angeles and the imagination of disaster">> [ECOLOGY; GEOGRAPHY; LOS ANGELES; NATURAL DISASTER; SCALE; USA] Horvath,Ronald J (1991): Combining the sociological, historical, and geographical imaginations: an historical factoriall ecology of global development, 1965-1988. Lecture delivered on 8th November, 1991 at Sydney University, Geography Conference Room. (Sydney University) [DEMOGRAPHY; DEVELOPMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBAL; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; NATURE; PLACE; SOCIAL CHANGE; SPACE] Horvath,Ronald J (1992): Between Political Economy and Postmodernism - R. Peet and N.Thrift (Eds) "New Models in Geography" London: Unwin Hyman, 1989, 2 vols. Antipode 24(2), 157-162. (Sydney University) [CAPITALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; MARXISM; POSTMODERNISM; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY] Horvath,Ronald J (1994): Uses of scale in social and environmental sciences. paper presented at Workshop on Geographical Scale in Society and the Environment, Macquarie University, December 1994. <This paper aims to offer an introduction to the scale concept as it is used in social and environmental sciences and to identify a number of traditions and critical interfaces in contemporary work on scale.> [CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENT; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LNG RELATIONS; MAPS; MEASUREMENT; MODELLING] Howitt,Richard (1992): The political relevance of locality studies: a remote Antipodean viewpoint. Area 24(1), 73-81. <Drawing on recent research on Aboriginal responses to restructuring in the Australian mining industry this paper reviews the relvance of locality studies to the empowerment of presently marginalized local groups. It argues for a methodology that does not isolate or privilege local scale concerns and which facilitates integrated analysis of social processes at various geographical scales simultaneously.> [ABORIGINES; ARTICULATION; AUSTRALIA; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GOVE; KALGOORLIE; LOCALITY; MARGINALISATION; METHODOLOGY; MINING; REGIONAL RESTRUCTURING; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL THEORY; TANAMI; WEIPA] Howitt,Richard (1992): Weipa: Industrialisation and Indigenous Rights in a Remote Australian Mining Area. Geography 77(3), 223-235. [ABORIGINES; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; MARGINALISATION; MINING; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; WEIPA] Howitt,Richard (1993): Marginalisation in Theory and Practice: a brief conceptual introduction. In: Marginalisation in Theory and Practice. (Ed: Howitt,Richard) (ERRRU Working Papers, 12.) Economic and Regional Restructuring Research Unit, Departments of Economics and Geography, University of Sydney, Sydney, 1-10. <This brief paper reviews the extent to which marginalisation provides a useful and coherent concept for analysing and responding to processes of structural change in contemporary society.> [DIALECTICS; FEMINISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; MABO; MARGINALISATION; MARXISM; METAPHOR; POSTMODERNISM; RADICAL GEOGRAPHY; SEXUALITY; SOCIAL THEORY; SPATIAL METAPHORS; WAYS OF SEEING] Howitt,Richard (Ed.) (1993): Marginalisation in Theory and Practice. (ERRRU Working Papers, 12.) Economic and Regional Restructuring Research Unit, Departments of Economics and Geography, University of Sydney, Sydney. 54 pages. <This volume presents four papers focused on the processes of marginalisation affecting various social groups and locations in contemporary political life. The essays address theoretical debates concerning the nature of marginalisation and its place in theorising social change, along with practical aspects of marginalisation experienced by specific groups in Australia and Asia.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; INEQUALITY; LOCALITY; MARGINALISATION; POSTMODERNISM; POWER; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL THEORY] Howitt,Richard (1993): People Without Geography? marginalisation and indigenous peoples. In: Marginalisation in Theory and Practice. (Ed: Howitt,Richard) (ERRRU Working Papers, 12.) Economic and Regional Restructuring Research Unit, Departments of Economics and Geography, University of Sydney, Sydney, 37-52. <This paper argues that the marginalisation of indigenous peoples' concerns and experience in geographers' theorising and empirical research has contributed to their marginalisation in practice.> [DIALECTICS; DIFFERENCE; DIVERSITY; FEMINISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; MABO; MARGINALISATION; MARXISM; METAPHOR; POLYPHONY; POSTMODERNISM; RADICAL GEOGRAPHY; SOCIAL THEORY; SPATIAL METAPHORS; URSULA LE GUIN; WAYS OF SEEING] Howitt,Richard (1993): "A world in a grain of sand": towards a reconceptualisation of geographical scale. Australian Geographer 24(1), 33-44. [ABORIGINES; DIALECTICS; EMPOWERMENT; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; HIERARCHY; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; LOCAL-GLOBAL; MINING; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL THEORY] Howitt,Richard (1995): Regions, territories and the politics of sovereignty in post-Mabo Australia. Paper presented to a Plenary Session of the Institute of Australian Geographers Conference, Newcastle NSW, 24 September 1995. <In this paper Howitt argues the relevance of both regional discourses and geographical literacy to indigenous efforts to establish sustainable futures. He also argues that the continued dominance of developmentalism as an ideology in regional policies must be challenged both conceptually and politically if the opportunities presented by the current juncture of law, politics and identity are to allow movement towards indigenous and national futures which are ecologically sustainable, economically equitable, socially just and culturally diverse. In arguing these two positions, Howitt suggests that we all face dilemmas in 'getting the scale right', and that geography's concern with the interpenetration of geographical scales- local, national and global- needs to be seen as fundamental in shaping political discourses within and between indigenous, governmental and ethical domains.> [AUSTRALIA; DEVELOPMENTALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; MABO; POLITICS; SCALE; SOVEREIGNTY; SUSTAINABILITY] Howitt,Richard (1997): Getting the scale right: the geopolitics of regional agreements. Northern Analyst 2, 15-17. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDIGENOUS RIGHTS; NEGOTIATION; REGIONAL AGREEMENTS; SCALE; SOVEREIGNTY] Howitt,Richard (1998): Scale as relation: musical metaphors of geographical scale. Area 30(1), 49-58. <The concept of geographical scale, despite being one of geography's foundational concepts, has been undertheorized compared to other core concepts such as environment, space and place. Two aspects of the concept of geographical scale (size and level) are relatively well recognized. A third aspect (scale as relation) is not. In this exploratory paper, the implications of the metaphors conventionally used to think and write about scale are considered and some musical metaphors of geographical scale are used to sketch out the importance of scale as relation.> [APPLIED PEOPLES GEOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; METAPHOR; MUSIC; MUSIC THEORY; PHILOSOPHY; RELATIONAL; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; WAYS OF SEEING] Howitt,Richard (1999): Scale and the Other: embodiment, emplacement and infinity. Unpublished paper available at URL: http://www.es.mq.edu.au/~rhowitt/SCALE/HOMES.HTM <This paper examines the concept of scale and its relevance to studies of culture. It brings into dialogue previously divergent discussions about space, place and difference and proposes an approach that treats time, space, place and scale as co-equal conceptual and/or analytical elements of cultural landscapes. It is argued that many philosophical debates about embodiment, emplacement and difference abstract a universalized notion of 'place', 'body' and 'self' which confounds and conflates scale issues and consequently confuses the dialectical interplay of 'time', 'space', 'being' and 'culture' across scales. The paper takes the work of Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995) and the discursive communities around it as a philosophical entry point into these debates.> [geographical scale; difference; cultural geography; indigenous knowledge; embodiment; emplacement; other; Levinas] Howitt,Richard; Connell,John; Hirsch,Philip (1996): Resources, Nations and Indigenous Peoples. In: Resources, Nations and Indigenous Peoples: case studies from Australasia, Melanesia and Southeast Asia. (Eds: Howitt,R; Connell,J; Hirsch,P) Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1-30. <(Chapter 1) This book is intended to supplement an earlier volume where the focus was on mining and its impacts on indigenous peoples (Connell & Howitt 1991). Since that volume was completed, claims on and against the nation states of Australasia, Melanesia and South-East Asia by indigenous peoples have emerged as a crucial issue. At wider scales as well, globalisation of indigenous politics through forums such as the International Labour Organisation, the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations and the World Council on Indigenous Peoples, influences intra- and international relations. In this introductory chapter, the authors explore the context in which the specifics discussed in the following chapters occur. They argue that this context is simultaneously political, economic, cultural, biophysical and intellectual. It is also simultaneously local, national and global. For all the players in these situations, there is a need to come to terms with this context in all its complexity, rather than selectively privileging particular scales of analysis and action, or a limited range of causal factors or lines of action and response. It is hoped that this book, together with the earlier volume, provides a foundation for a deeper understanding of the issues that have been a source of misunderstanding, fear and tension throughout the region.> [AUSTRALIA; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOPOLITICS; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; MELANESIA; NATION STATE; RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT; SOUTHEAST ASIA; SOVEREIGNTY] Hudson,John C (1992): Scale in space and time. In: Geography's Inner Worlds: pervasive themes in contemporary American geography. (Eds: Abler,Ronald F; Marcus,Melvin G; Olson,Judy M) Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick NJ, 280-297. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCAL-GLOBAL; MAPS; TEMPORAL SCALE] Irigaray,Luce (1986): The fecundity of the caress: a reading of Levinas, 'Totality and Infinity' section IV, B, "The Phenomenology of Eros". In: Face to Face with Levinas. (Ed: Cohen,Richard A) State University of New York Press, Albany, 231-256. <In challenging Levinas, Irigaray offers a startlingly beautiful and provocative glimpse of the embodied self: "Before orality comes to be, touch is already in existence. No nourishment can compensate for the grace, or the work, of touching. Touch makes it possible to wait, to gather strength, so that the other will return to caress to reshape, from within and from without, flesh that is given back to itself in the gestures of love. The most subtly necessary guardian of my life being the other's flesh. Approaching and speaking to me with his hands. Bringing me back to life more intimately than any regenerative nourishment, the other's hands, these palms with which he approaches without going through me, give me back the borders of my body and call me back to the remembrance of the most profound intimacy. As he caresses me, he bids me neither to disappear nor to forget but rather to, to remember the place where, for me, the most intimate life holds itself in reserve. Searching for what has not yet come into being, for himself, he invites me to become what I have not yet become" (Irigaray 1986: 232-233). "The mystery of relations between lovers is more terrible, but infinitely less deadly, than the destruction of submission to sameness.... "Sameness, quantitatively polemical when it comes to its place, occupies my flesh, demarcates and subdivides my space, lays siege to and sets up camp on my horizon - making it uninhabitable for me and inaccessible for the lover" (Irigaray 1986: 235). At the most intimate of scales, the flesh to flesh intimacy of lovemaking, Irigaray glimpses the relationship between space, place, movement and being that provides an unsettling illumination of issues of scale. Her consideration of 'porosity', 'mucous membranes', 'fecundity' and 'penetration' remind us that that most sacred boundary of Hollywood representations of the social - the boundary around the individual, the self - is meaningful onl y in relation to the other; and most meaningful in that moment of self-realization that derives from the face-to-face encounter with the unbridgeable gulf between the self and the other in lovemaking. In the intimate scale of carnal love - 'the most intimate mucous threshold in the dwelling place' (p 243), Irigaray offers a vision of coexistence which at wider geographical scales challenges humanity to overcome the terror of the unknowable other. In crossing that most intimate threshold, Irigaray suggests we consider not 'a profanation of the temple' but 'an entrance into another, more secret place' as the more revealing metaphor. In the mutual inebriation of lovemaking, Irigaray reveals the difference between fear and transcendence: "Where the beloved receives and offers the possibility of nuptials. An inebriation unlike that of the conqueror, who captures and dominates his prey [or one might add, the dwelling place of the prey, displacing them from their nourishing terrain, their place in the sun; opening the process of dispossession, alienation and conquest and the fear and loathing that accompanies it]. Inebriation of the return to the garden of innocence, where love does not yet know or no longer knows, or has forgotten, the profanity of nakedness. The gaze still innocent of the limits of reason, the division of day and night, the alteration of the seasons, animal cruelty, the necessity of protecting one self from the other or from God. Face to face encounter of two naked lovers in a nudity that is older than, and unlike, a sacrilege. Not perceivable as profanation. The threshold of the garden, a welcoming cosmic home, that remains open. No guard other than that of love itself. Innocent of the knowledge of displays and the fall" (Irigaray 1986: 243-244). This coexistence is 'neither an explosion nor an implosion but an indwelling. Dwelling with the self, and with the other - while letting him/her/it go Never finished. Unfolding itself during and between the terms of encounters' (p252). And by distinguishing pleasure from power, she emphasizes intimacy rather than animality as the key feature of the caress. The nature of scale implied in Irigaray's account is in the connection between the intimate and the infinite - the transcendence of space and place by the movement of lovemaking: "Caressing her to reach the infinity of her center, the lover undoes her, divests her of her tactility - a porosity that opens up to the universe - and consigns her to the regression of her womanly becoming, always in the future. Forgetful of the fecundity, in the here and now, of lovemaking: the gift to each of the lovers of sexual birth and rebirth" (p244). Irigaray emphasizes the importance of touch, the caress: "The caress seeks out the not yet of the beloved's blossoming. That which cannot be anticipated because it is other. Unforseeability bordering on alterity, beyond one 's own limits. Beyond the limits of one 's 'I can'. Irreducible to the other's presence, which is off into an always in the future that indefinitely suspends paroussia. Always to come, the other would onl y maintain the lover in self-love even while making himself loved. Thus resigning from his ethical site, to she who is an opening of, and to, another threshold" (p251-252). > [CARESS; EMBODIMENT; ETHICS; FEMINISM; INTIMACY; IRIGARAY; LEVINAS; LOVE; PHENOMENOLOGY; PHILOSOPHY; PLACE; SCALE; THEOLOGY; TOTALITY AND INFINITY; WAYS OF SEEING] Jackson,Peter (1993): Towards a cultural politics of consumption. In: Mapping the futures: local cultures, global change. (Eds: Bird,Jon; Curtis,Barry; Putnam,Tim; Robertson,George; Tickner,Lisa) Routledge, London, 207-228. [CONSUMPTION; CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; CULTURE; DIFFERENCE; GENDER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; PLACE; POLITICS; POSTMODERNISM; POWER; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; URBAN GEOGRAPHY] Jackson,Peter (1993): Towards a cultural politics of consumption. In: Mapping the Futures: local cultures, global change. (Eds: Bird,Jan; Curtis,Barry; Putnam,Tim; Robertson,George; Tickner,Lisa) Routledge, London, 207-228. <This chapter concludes by outlining some of the lacunae in current research on consumption and by suggesting some ways of moving the argument forward. Firstly, studies of consumption need to take questions of gender seriously,they should not be reluctantly tacked-on, but rather should be fundamental to every stage of analysis, thus transforming the very object of study. Second, there is a need to rid the study of consumption from its overwhelming condescension towards the views of 'ordinary people'. Third is the question of method. Here there have been numerous recent experiments with textual strategy, but far too little concern with other phases of research, which are no less contentious.> [CONSUMPTION; CULTURAL POLITICS; GENDER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; METHODOLOGY; RESEARCH; SOCIAL THEORY] Jacobs,Peter; Mulvihill,Peter (1995): Ancient lands: new perspectives. Towards multi-cultural literacy in landscape management. Landscape and Urban Planning 32, 7-17. <Relationships between aboriginal and non-aboriginal peoples are being reshaped in Canada and Australia as in many other parts of the world through land claims and other reforms that may lead to more viable interdependence between societies and regions. These changing relationships are accompanied by new perspectives concerning landscape management and development planning that borrow from ancient traditions. Landscapes are increasingly subject to joint stewardship involving diverse interests and cultural values. Three key elements in the quest for greater cultural and environmental literacy include building integrated knowledge systems, initiating sustainable and equitable management strategies, and encouraging adaptive institutions.> [AUSTRALIA; AUTONOMY; CANADA; CAPACITY BUILDING; ENGAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; GOVERNANCE; INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE; INDIGENOUS RIGHTS; INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING; INSTITUTIONS; LAND ETHIC; LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE; LANDSCAPE PLANNING; LITERACY; MULTICULTURALISM; POWER; REGIONAL AGREEMENTS; SCALE; SELF-DETERMINATION; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SUSTAINABILITY; TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE; VALUES; WAYS OF SEEING] James,Jamie (1993): The Music of the Spheres: music, science and the natural order of the universe. Abacus, London. 262 pages. <From the fifth century BC, when Pythagoras first composed his laws of western music, until the flowering of Romanticism over two thousand years later, scientists and philosophers perceived the cosmosas a stately orderes mechanism whose sooth operation created a celestial harmony - the music of the spheres. The gradual sepparation of science and music reached a peak with the Romantic period, celebrting in music that which was human, individual and local, while science concentrated on dividing, dissecting and numbering. For the first time in history, human stars - famous artists, scientists, musicians - supplanted the celestial one s. Today, argues Jamie James, he Romantic idea has been rejected and the ultimate focus is again placed outside the reach of human reason. The quantum universe of Einstein, the savage unconscious of Freud and the music of Schoenberg, Stravinsky and Glass all seem to reflect the classical idea that we are driven by forces beyond our control.> [EPISTEMOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HARMONY; METAPHOR; MUSIC; SCIENCE] James,Paul (1993): Marx and the abstract nation. Arena Journal 1, 172-194. [EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; MARXISM; NATION STATE; POLITICS; SOCIAL THEORY] Jhappan,C Radha (1992): Global community? supranational strategies of Canada's aboriginal peoples. Journal of Indigenous Studies 3(1), 59-97. <The globalization of politics and economics in recent years has, among other things, multiplied the strategic options available to sub-national minorities attempting to induce domestic policy shifts which match their political aspirations. In particular, indigenous peoples throughout the world have appealed to international bodies and conventions to bring external pressure to bear on their governments. The essential purpose of international lobbying is to enhance the legitimacy of aboriginal claims at the superstate level by crafting international covenants and standards for the treatment of indigenous peoples. This paper analyses the internationalisation of Canadian aboriginal politics in recent years. It is intended to illustrate the wide range of activities in which aboriginal peoples have engaged at the international level. It also eval uates the efficacy of actions aimed at different international organizations and external actors by focusing on the development of international coalitions among indigenous peoples, the use of international organizations such as the United Nations, the International Labour Organization, the Organization of American States, the European Community, and the enrolment of external actors in resource deisputes, as exemplified by the James Bay Crees' successful lobbying of American governments and publics to stop the Great Whale Hydroelectric project. The internationalization of aboriginal politics is ultimately seen as a challenge to governmental sovereignty over domestic policy. The paper suggests that (a) nation-states do not have moral authority to act upon their populations without reference to international norms and values; and (b) external actors have the right and even duty to intervene in domestic policies concerning aboriginal peoples who characterize themselves as 'nations' in their own right.> [CANADA; CREE; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; GRANDE BALEINE; GREAT WHALE; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; INDIGENOUS RIGHTS; INTERNATIONALISATION; JAMES BAY; LEGISLATION; RESOURCE RIGHTS; SOVEREIGNTY; TREATIES; UNITED NATIONS; USA; WCIP] Joao,Elsa (2000): The importance of scale issues in environmental impact assessment and the need for scale guidelines. (Research Papers in Environmental and Spatial Analysis, 62.) Department fo Geography and Environment, London School of Economics, London. <This paper reviews effect of scale in EIA, reviewing a road by-pass EIA. It uses GIS to measure scale effects quantitatively and EIA experts to review them qualitatively. It is recognised that the scoping phase of EIA is the best time to set scale parameters in EIA and that specific scale guidelines should be set for EIA studies.> [CUMULATIVE IMPACTS; EIA; ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; RESEARCH METHODS; ROADS; SCALE; SCALE EFFECTS; SCOPING] Johnstone,Frederick (1994): New World Disorder: fear, Freud and federalism. Telos 100, 87-102. [DEMOCRACY; EUROPE; FEDERALISM; HUMAN RIGHTS; IDENTITY; NATIONALISM; NEW WORLD ORDER; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY] Jonas,Andrew (1988): A new regional geography of localities? Area 20(2), 101-110. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; LOCALITY; POLITICS; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY] Jonas,Andrew (1994): Labor and community in the deindustrialization of urban America. revised version of paper presented at 24th Annual Meeting of the Urban Affairs Association of America, New Orleans, Arpil 1994 (submitted to Journal of Urban Affairs). [COMMUNITY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDUSTRIALISATION; LOCAL; POLITICS; SOCIAL CHANGE; URBAN GEOGRAPHY; USA] Jonas,Andrew (1994): The scale politics of spatiality. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12(3), 257-264. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCAL; METAPHOR; POLITICS; REPRESENTATION; SPACE] Jones,Martin (1998): Restructuring the local state: economic governance or social regulation? Political Geography 17(8), 959-988. <This paper examines the supposed shift from 'government' to 'governance' through the ESRC 'Local Governance Program' launched in 1993 to examine the restructuring of local government in the UK. The paper argues that governance research needs to avoid losing sight of the place of qangoa as sites for state-articulated social regulation and social control. This is not to deny the role of geographies of governance within capitalist transformation but to restate the role of the nation state - political geography (with politics) - when analysing local state transformation.> [ENGLAND; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GOVERNANCE; LOCAL GOVERNMENT; LOCALITY STUDIES; REGULATION; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE; UNITED KINGDOM] Jull,Peter (1996): Constitution-Making in Northern Territories: legitimacy and governance in Australia. Central Land Council, Alice Springs. 44 pages. <Constitutional change in the Northern Territory and nationally in Australia raise a range of issues of intense debate (republicanism, statehood, identity, indigenous rights). This paper takes an international perspective on these issues of consitutional reform, comparing issues arising in Northern Territory with experience in Alaska, Yukon and NWT.> [ALASKA; AUSTRALIA; CANADA; CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM; ECONOMIC ISSUES; FEDERALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IDENTITY; INDIGENOUS RIGHTS; LEGAL ISSUES; NORTH AUSTRALIA; NORTH WEST TERRITORIES; NORTHERN TERRITORY; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; SAMI RIGHTS COMMITTEE; STATEHOOD; YUKON] Kafkalas,Grigoris (1987): State and capital as agents of spatial integration in the world economy. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 5, 303-318. <The concept of spatial integration refers to various forms of institutional control over the social and technical aspects of the dvision of labour in respect to the corresponding geographical or spatial patterns of production. It is a specific feature of late capitalism that the process of integration acquires a non-territorial character as the evolution of functional (corporate and sectoral) integration leads towards the disarticulation of territorial productive systems. As the various local, regional, or national interessts realise the negative effects of their dependence upon international branch circuits, they demand greater autonomy and strive towards achieving greater territorial self-reliance. In this way, the social, political and economic conflicts and contradiction about the location of productive activities (ie spatial aspects of the ownership and control of the means of production) become the major force behind the transformation of the internaional division of labour.> [CORPORATIONS; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GREECE; INTERNATIONAL; LOCALITY; MODE OF PRODUCTION; STATE; TERRITORY] Kaplan,David H (1999): Territorial Identities and Geographical Scale. In: Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory and Scale. (Eds: Herb,Guntram H; Kaplan,David H) Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham MD, 31-49. <This is the second editorial introduction to an collection on the interconnections between scale, territory and identity. Kaplan argues that the link between territory and identity has been too often assumed rather than analysed in previous work, leading to misinterpretations of the ways in which multiple identities interact, particularly in contested borderlands, and at sub-state levels. He also considers the interplay of state and national identities arising from shifting borders, diasporas and historical circumstances. He identifies elements of 'asymmetry' in such relations, which have scale characteristics that include the development of identities (and political movements) across multiple scales. He uses the work of Samuel Huntington to identify a 'civilisation' as the "broadest cultural entity" (a transnational scale) which provides a basis for trans-national cooperation and trust. Kaplan asks whether it is possible to conceptualise a 'multi-perspectival' identity that transcends the implicit mistrust between civilisations. The issue of competing loyalties is considered as being intricately implicting issues of scales, with the current scale of nation states creating a very particular geopilitics of identity that faces enormous challenges from several directions simultaneously.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOPOLITICS; IDENTITY; IDENTITY POLITICS; NATIONAL IDENTITY; NATIONALISM; SCALE; SEPARATISM; TERRITORIALITY; TERRITORY; TRANSNATIONALISM] Keeble,David (1989): Core-Periphery Disparities, Recession and New Regional Dynamisms in the European Community. Geography 74(1), 1-10. <The enlargement and the integration of the European community in the 1980's is of profound significance for the present - and the future- citizens of Europe. Geographically the community is characterised by marked centre-periphery regional economic and socail disparities. Current processes of deindustrialisation, reindustrialisation and tertiarisation are however rapidly changing regional patterns in complex ways. New firm and high-technology growth in less-industrialised areas is one important example. Some recent convergence of centre-periphery disparities is evident. But the major increase in EC regional policy funding agreed in February 1988 is needed.> [DEINDUSTRIALISATION; EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; REGIONS; REINDUSTRIALISATION] Keith,Michael; Pile,Steve (Eds.) (1993): Place and the politics of identity. Routledge, London and New York. 235 pages. <<see also #3609 (Bondi), #2363 (Massey) and #2362 (Soja & Hooper)>> [CLASS; DIFFERENCE; GENDER; IDENTITY POLITICS; PLACE; PLACEMAKING; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SPACE; TIME] Kelly,Philip F (1997): Globalization, Power and the Politics of Scale in the Philippines. Geoforum 28(2), 151-171. <Based on a case study from the Philippines, this paper argues that globalization forms a material set of processes, but also a political discourse employed to legitimize certain power relations. It argues that scales, and particularly the global scale, can be viewed as social constructions reflecting political interests rather than neutral categories of geographical space and suggests that a particular discourse of globalization is deployed to legitimize an economic and political agenda in which development is based on international investment flows and production for export. Using the Philippines as an example, the paper traces the translation of globalization discourse into development policies.> [CASE STUDIES; COMMUNITY; DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENTALISM; DISCOURSE ANALYSIS; ELECTRICITY; EXPORT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; LOCAL-GLOBAL; LOCALITY; MANILLA; PEOPLE POWER; PHILIPPINES; POLITICS; POWER; POWER STATIONS; REGIONAL RESTRUCTURING; RESISTANCE; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; SPACE] Kidner,David W (1998): Culture and the unconcious in environmental theory. Environmental Ethics 20, 61-80. <This paper argues that much current environmental theory is unwittingly grounded in assumptions about personhood that entangle it within existing ideology. Culture theory offers a way out of this entangling through its perception of our immersion in a symbolic realm which precedes consciousness. Environmental theory, by embodying, articulating and legitimating cultural forms, can avoid being assimilated by those individualistic and scientistic assumptions that undermine its potential.> [BEHAVIOURALISM; CONSCIOUSNESS; CULTURE; ECOLOGY; EMBODIMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS; ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY; INDIVIDUAL; PERCEPTION; REDUCTIONISM; RELATIONAL; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SYMBOLISM; WAYS OF SEEING] King,Anthony W (1991): Translating models across scales in the landscape. In: Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology: the analysis and interpretation of landscape heterogeneity. (Eds: Turner,Monica G; Gardner,Robert H) Springer-Verlag, New York, 479-517. <Meeting the challenge of scaling problems in landscape ecology requires (1) a conceptual or theoretical framework for addressing multiple scales and (2) quantitative methods for implementing that frmaework. This paper uses hierarchy theory and sophisticated mathematical modelling to offer a framework for translating models of landscape change across spatial scales.> [ECOLOGY; EXPLANATION; HIERARCHY; LANDSCAPE; SCALE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; UPSCALING] Kirkland,Richard I (1988): Entering a new age of boundless competition. Fortune 117(6), 18-27. [CORPORATIONS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; INTERNATIONAL; SCALE; TRADE; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS] Kirsch,Stuart (1996): Anthropologists and global alliances. Anthropology Today 12(4), 14-16. [ANTHROPOLOGISTS; ANTHROPOLOGY; BHP; CORPORATIONS; ENVIRONMENT; ETHICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; MINING; NIGERIA; OK TEDI; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; SHELL OIL; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS] Kofman,Eleonore (1995): Citizenship for some but not for others:spaces of citizenship in contemporary Europe. Political Geography 14(2), 121-137. <Citizenship has onc e again become a major item on political agendas at a time of increasing integration and closure around 'the European', especially in response to immigration and its consequences for national identity. This article outlines the different models and traditions of citizenship and their re-eval uations in contemporary Europe.> [CITIZENSHIP; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; MARGINALISATION; POLITICS; SUBSIDIARITY] Langton,Marcia (1998): The edge of the sacred/the edge of death. unpublished typescript (November 1998). <In this draft chapter, Langton offers a detailed account of the spatialised ont ology of Bama people on eastern Cape York Peninsula. USing evidence from the Lakefield and Cliff Islands Land Claim, Langton argues that Bama notions of subjectivity, place and being are founded upon a relationship to death which is paradoxical and antithetical to Levinas' representation of 'death as alterity'. Langton offers a view of emplacement (being-in-place) that links past-present-and-future to local biogeographical relations.> [ANTHROPOLOGY; BAMA; BEING-IN-PLACE; CAPE YORK; DREAMING; EMPLACEMENT; INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE; LEVINAS; NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHY; ONT OLOGY; PLACE; QUEENSLAND; READING THE LANDSCAPE; REPRESENTATION; SCALE; SPACE; WAYS OF SEEING; WAYS OF THINKING] Lawrence,David P (1994): Cumulative effects assessment at the project level. Impact Assessment 12(3), 253-273. <This paper provides a method of incorporating cumulative impact assessment into project-specific environmental assessments. It argues the need for such an approach is rooted in the preval ance of project-by-project eval uation and the need to include cumulative consequences of individual projects in environmental planning procedures on a wider scale.> [CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IMPACT ASSESSMENT; KRAIS; METHODOLOGY; PROJECT EVAL UATION; RESEARCH METHODS; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; SPACE] Lee,Roger; Wills,Jane (Eds.) (1997): Geographies of Economies. Arnold, London. 406 pages. <This edited collection brings together contributions from top economic geographers. Over forty chapters explore the cultural and social construction of economic geographies, processes of globalisation, and new forms of political regulation and practice. The contributions seek to link traditions in economic geography to the 'new economic geography'. This volume demonstrates the relevance of economic geography to understanding the contemporary dynamics of change and framing alternative.> [ANTI-ESSENTIALISM; CLASS; CORPORATE CULTURE; CULTURAL TURN; CULTURE; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; ESSENTIALISM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GENDER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; IDENTITY; NATURE; POWER; REGIONAL ECONOMIES; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; STRUGGLE; UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT; URBAN GEOGRAPHY] Leitner,Helga (1997): Reconfiguring the spatiality of power: the construction of a supranational migration framework for the European Union. Political Geography 16(2), 123-144. [EUROPE; EUROPEAN UNIFICATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; MIGRATION; PLACE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; POLITICS; REGIONAL RESTRUCTURING; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Leslie,Deborah (1994): Book Review: 'Place, Modernity and the Consumer's World: A Relational Framework for Geographical Analysis'. By Robert David Sack. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Economic Geography 70(2, April), 200-202. [BOOK REVIEW; DIALECTICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; PLACE; ROBERT SACK; SENSE OF PLACE] Levin,Simon A (1992): The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73(6), 1943-1967. <This paper provides a overview of the issues of pattern and scale in ecology, arguing that this is the central problem in ecology.> [CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOLOGY; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; PATTERN; SCALE; SCIENCE; SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS; VARIABILITY] Levinas,Emmanuel (1989 [1947]): Time and the Other. In: The Levinas Reader. (Ed: Hand,Sean) Blackwell, Oxford, 37-58. <These lectures were originally presented in 1946-47 and mark a stage in Levinas' use of phenomenological structure to show that time is not the achievement of an isolated subject, but the very relationship that subject has with the Other. This brief paper offers a valuable insight into Levinas' view of time, space, the Other, subjectivity, power and face.> [DEPTH; FACE TO FACE; HEIGHT; INTERSUBJECTIVITY; LEVINAS; MOVEMENT; OTHER; PHENOMENOLOGY; PHILOSOPHY; POWER; SCALE; SPACE; SUBJECTIVITY; TIME; WAYS OF SEEING] Levinas,Emmanuel (1989 [1949]): The Transcendence of Words. In: The Levinas Reader. (Ed: Hand,Sean) Blackwell, Oxford, 146-149. <This brief paper presents one of the most succinct and explicit accounts of Levinas' view of space.> [FACE TO FACE; INTERSUBJECTIVITY; LANGUAGE; LEVINAS; MOVEMENT; OTHER; PHENOMENOLOGY; PHILOSOPHY; SCALE; SPACE; SUBJECTIVITY; TIME; WAYS OF SEEING] Loaiciga,Hugo A (1997): Runoff Scaling in Large Rivers of the World. Professional Geographer 49(3), 356-364. <Runoff and precipitation scaling with respect to drainage area is analyzed for large river basins of the world, with mean annual runoff in excess of 10 cubic k/yr. The usefulness of the specific runoff to categorize runoff scaling laws across te complete spectrum of climatic and hydrologic conditions is eval uated. It is found that (1) runoff scales with drainage area in those basins with specific runoff in excess of 0.15 m/yr; (2) runoff scaling with drainage area shows remarkably high statistical correlation in river basins with specific runoff equal or larger than 1.0 m/yr; (3) runoff does not increase with increasing drainage area in river basins with specific runoff below 0.15 m/yr, where no discernible statistical association was found between runoff and drainage area; and (4) precipitation depth is inversely proportional to drainage area raised to a fractional exponent in river basins with specific runoff in excess of 0.15 m/yr.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOMORPHOLOGY; PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY; POSITIVISM; RIVERS; SCALING; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS] Low,Murray (1997): Representation Unbound: globalization and democracy. In: Spaces of Globalization: reasserting the power of the local. (Ed: Cox,Kevin R) Guildford, New York, 240-280. <This paper provides a critique of conventional conceptions of the spatial view of politics as about territory and spaces as containers of social events and relations. Globalization disrupts the bounded national spaces and throws conventional political, economic and cultural processes out of congruence with each other. The paper considers the implications as place as an ideology that obscures the variety of spatial forms assumed by democratic processes.> [DEMOCRACY; ECONOMIC CONDITIONS; GEOGRAPHY; GEOPOLITICAL; GLOBAL; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; IDENTITY; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; NATIONAL; NATIONALISM; PLACE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; REPRESENTATION; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; SPACE; SPATIAL POLITICS] Lowenhaupt Tsing,Anna (1994): From the margins. Cultural Anthropology 9(3), 279-297. [ANTHROPOLOGY; CULTURAL STUDIES; GEOGRAPHY; SCALE; THEORY] Luke,Timothy W (1994): Placing power/siting space: the politics of global and local in the New World Order. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12, 613-628. <The logic of drawing political borders and defining national territory in space as it has been articulated by the theory of political realism is questioned in this paper. At the same time, the dynamics of globalization operating in high-technology informational production systems as well as media-intensive mass consumption systems are re-examined in order to reconsider their impact on local cultural and social environments. It is concluded that new understandings of territoriality are developing in such informationalized spaces, posing new challenges to those providing security, identity, and stability to contemporary communities experiencing the impact of globalization.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBAL; INTERNATIONALISATION; LOCAL; NEW WORLD ORDER; POLITICS; POWER] MacLeod,Gordon; Goodwin,Mark (1999): Reconstructing an urban and regional political economy: on the state, politics, scale, and explanation. Political Geography 18, 697-730. <This paper begins from the premise that many fashionable analyses of urban and regional political economy are often flawed because of their assumption that institutional arrangements are a 'pre-given' part of the explanation of processes. The authors suggest that more effective explanation requires explanation of these institutional arrangements as well.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LOCAL GOVERNMENT; LOCAL STATE; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; REGULATION; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS] MacNeill,Jim (1989): Strategies for Sustainable Economic Development. Scientific American 261(3), 105-113. <World economies are depleting stocks of ecological capital faster than the stocks can be replenished. Yet economic growth can be reconciled with the integrity of the environment.> <<MacNeill was Sec-Gen of the WCED and a principal architect of 'Our Common Future' (1986).>> [ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY; ECOLOGY; ECONOMIC ISSUES; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT; GREENHOUSE; HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE; POLICY; POLLUTION; POPULATION ISSUES; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; SCALE; SCIENCE; SPACESHIP EARTH; SUSTAINABILITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT; WAYS OF SEEING; WAYS OF THINKING; WCED] Martens,Daniel (1994): Understanding scale effects in fluvial systems. paper presented at Workshop on Geographical Scale in Society and the Environment, Macquarie University, December 1994. [ENVIRONMENT; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GEOMORPHOLOGY; PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY; STREAM] Martin,Deborah G (1999): Transcending the fixity of jurisdictional scale. Political Geography 18, 33-38. <Responding to Morrill (see #3408), MArtin argues that local interests are not coterminus with the scale of local government. USing Morrill's case of the Hanford nuclear reservation in Washington state, she considers the way in which multiple government jurisdictions and interest groups are involved in negotiations in such circumstances. These involve both scale-bounded jurisdictions and cross-scale alliances.> [BOUNDED JURISDICTIONS; DECENTRALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INEQUALITY; JURISDICTIONS; LAND USE; NUCLEAR ENERGY; PLANNING; POWER; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; USA] Martin,Ron (1989): The reorganisation of regional theory: alternative perspetives on the changing capitalist space economy. Geoforum 20(2), 187-201. (Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK) [CAPITALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; REGIONALISM; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL THEORY] Marston,Sally A (2000): The social construction of scale. Progress in Human Geography 24(2), 219-242. <Over the last ten years, scholars in human geography have been paying increasing theoretical and empirical attention to undersanding the ways in which the production of scale is implicated in the production of space. Overwhelmingly this work reflects a social constructionist approach which situates capitalist production (and the role of the state, capital, labor and nonstate political actors) as of central concern. What is missing from this discussion about the social construction of scale is serious attention to the relevance of social reproduction and consumption. This article reviews the important literature on scale construction and argue fir enlargement of our scope for understanding scale to include the complex process of reproduction and consumption.> [CONSUMPTION; DIFFERENCE; GENDER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HOME; REPRODUCTION; SCALE; SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM; SPACE] Massey,Doreen (1978): Survey: regionalism: some current issues. Capital and Class 6, 106-125. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; REGIONS; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL THEORY; STRUCTURALISM; UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT] Massey,Doreen (1979): In what sense a regional problem? Regional Studies 13, 233-243. <The paper discusses the nature of the 'regional problem'. It argues that a number of common assumptions about regional inequality are ill-founded. In particular it argues that many frequently used approaches imply implicity or explicitly, that such problems are purely questions of geographical distribution and that the crucial questions in their analysis concern the nature of changes in spatial surfaces. This position is reflected in policy formulations etc. An alternative view of the generation of regional inequality is suggested. This is based on concepts of division of labour and explicitly relates geographical distribution to production.> [DIVISION OF LABOUR; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDUSTRIAL LOCATION; LOCALITY; REGIONAL INEQUALITY; REGIONAL POLICY; REGIONS; STRUCTURALISM; UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT] Massey,Doreen (1983): Industrial restructuring as class restructuring: production decentralization and local uniqueness. Regional Studies 17(2), 73-89. <Industrial change is also social change. This article examines the impact of two very different kinds of area and the entry of new forms of economic activity. It points out that although in each case the new industry was the same (branch plants employing women in low paid unskilled work), the social effects were very different. In one kind of region the old basis of the the labour movement is being undermined, in the other the division between labour and capital may be becoming clearer. The social processes of the reproduction of spatial inequality are examined and it is shown how class and other divisions - such as those based on gender - are at the heart of this dynamic.> [CLASS; DIVISION OF LABOUR; EMPLOYMENT; GENDER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDUSTRIALISATION; LOCALITY; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; REGIONAL POLICY; REGIONS; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR; WOMEN] Massey,Doreen (1984): Introduction: Geography matters. In: Geography Matters! a reader. (Eds: Massey,Doreen; Allen,John) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1-11. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCALITY; NATURE; SENSE OF PLACE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Massey,Doreen (1984): Spatial Divisions of Labour: social structures and the geography of production. Macmillan, London. 339 pages. [ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; INDUSTRIAL LOCATION; LOCAL; MARXISM; METHODOLOGY; PLACE; POLITICS; RESTRUCTURING; SENSE OF PLACE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; STRUCTURALISM; UK; UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT] Massey,Doreen (1985): New direction in space. In: Social relations and spatial structures. (Eds: Gregory,Derek; Urry,John) Macmillan, London, 9-19. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCALITY; REGIONS; RESTRUCTURING; SPACE] Massey,Doreen (1991): The political place of locality studies. Environment and Planning A 23(2), 267-281. <In this paper the reasons for studying local areas are examined, particularly in the context of the recent CURS project in the UK. Massey particularly considers the sociopolitical context of these studies. Her argument is that the reasons for studying localities in the UK were both historically and geographically specific. Some confusions are also examined, in particular the incorrect equation with concrete research, description, the impact of the spatial on the social and the postmodern. The discussion the turns tot some recent arguments, especially those of Harvey, which imply that local foci are not progressive; the various strands of this position are examined and debated. All this raises the more fundamental question of what is meant by the terms place and locality.> [CURS; DAVID HARVEY; ENGLAND; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LOCALITY; POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY; POLITICAL SPACES; POWER; SCALE] Massey,Doreen (1992): A place called home? New Formations 17, 3-15. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; HOME; IDENTITY; LOCAL; PLACE; READING THE LANDSCAPE; REGIONALISM; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; SENSE OF PLACE; SPACE; WAYS OF SEEING] Massey,Doreen (1992): Politics and space/time. New Left Review 196, 65-84. [EXPLANATION; GENDER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCAL-GLOBAL; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; TEMPORAL SCALE; WAYS OF SEEING] Massey,Doreen (1993): Politics and Space/Time. In: Place and the politics of identity. (Eds: Keith,Michael; Pile,Steve) Routledge, London and New York, 141-161. [FEMINISM; GENDER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; MARXISM; RADICAL GEOGRAPHY; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Massey,Doreen (1993): Power-geometry and a progressive sense of place. In: Mapping the futures: local cultures, global change. (Eds: Bird,Jon; Curtis,Barry; Putnam,Tim; Robertson,George; Tickner,Lisa) Routledge, London, 59-69. [DIFFERENCE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCALITY; PLACE; POLITICS; POSTMODERNISM; POWER; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; URBAN GEOGRAPHY] Massey,Doreen (1993): Questions of Locality. Geography 78(2), 142-149. (Professor of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA) [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LOCALITY; METHODOLOGY; PLACE; SOCIAL THEORY] Massey,Doreen (1994): Double Articulation: A 'Place in the World'. In: Displacements- Cultural Identities in Question. (Ed: Bammer,A) Bloomington & Indianapolis, Indiana U.S, 110-119. <This chapter discusses the changing relationship between the notions of 'local' and 'community'.> [COMMUNITY; DOREEN MASSEY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IDENTITY; LOCAL; SENSE OF PLACE] Massey,Doreen (1995): Thinking radical democracy spatially. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13(3), 283-288. <In this paper Massey reflects upon the project of radical democracy as devloped by Chantal Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau, and in particular on Mouffe's article "Post -Marxism, democracy and identity". In the first part of the paper she considers some interesting parallels between the project of radical democracy and certain recent lines of thought within geography, and argue that the two areas of work could helpfully inform each other. In the second part of the paper she raises some general issues about radical democracy, including questions of identity, anti-essentialism and universalism.> [CHANTAL MOUFFE; DEMOCRACY; ERNESTO LACLAU; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; IDENTITY; POWER; SENSE OF PLACE; SPACE] Massey,Doreen (1996): In order to make a difference. Scottish Geographical Magazine 112.3, 186-187. [FEMINISM; GEOGRAPHY; MARXISM; MORALITY; POSTMODERNISM; SCALE] Mayer,Jean (Ed.) (1988): Bringing Jobs to People: employment promotion at regional and local levels. International Labour Office, Geneva. [EMPLOYMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INTERVENTION; LOCAL; POLICY; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; RESTRUCTURING; THIRD WORLD; UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT] McCracken,Kevin (1983): Dimensions of social well-being: implications of alternative spatial frames. Environment and Planning A 15, 579-592. <That the choice of spatial frame may have a asignificant impact on the results of statistical analyses of areally aggregated data is widely recognised in principle, but generally ignored in practice. Data relating to New Zealand are employed to investigate the effects of using alternative spatial frames on factor analytic dimensions of social regional well-being and also the extent to which hypothesised causal influences of levels of well-being are frame specific. The implications of the findings for regional development policy and theory are briefly discussed.> [AOTEAROA; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; METHODOLOGY; NEW ZEALAND; SOCIAL WELL-BEING; SPATIAL FRAME; STATISTICS] McDonald,Kevin (1993): Alain Touraine. Arena Magazine (June-July), 35-38. <Alain Touraine is a renowned French sociologist. In the 1960's he argued that we were becoming a post-industrial society, and in the 1970's and 1980's he explored the new conflicts characterizing the type of society, indicated by the development of what he called 'new social movements'.> [ALAIN TOURAINE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS; SOCIAL THEORY] McDowell,Linda (1994): The transformation of cultural geography. In: Human Geography: Society, Space, and Social Science. (Eds: Gregory,Derek; Martin,Ron; Smith,Graham) University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 146-173. <The focus of cultural geography includes the investigation of material culture, social practices and the social construction of place-based identities, symbolic meanings and interpretations of landscape. This chapter outlines the strengths and weaknesses of three main approaches: the Berkeley School, a social meaning of social practices approach, and a landscape school. It argues that because of issues of geographical scale (especially but not onl y globalisation), geographic perspectives have become central; to the cultural studies project more widely.> [CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; CULTURAL STUDIES; DISCURSIVE SPACE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBALISATION; HUMAN GEOGRAPHY; LANDSCAPE; MARXISM; PLACE; POLYPHONY; POSTMODERNISM; SENSE OF PLACE; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM; SOCIAL SCIENCE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] McDowell,Linda (1996): Spatializing Feminism: geographic perspectives. In: BodySpace: destablizing geographies of gender and sexuality. (Ed: Duncan,Nancy) Routledge, London and New York, 28-44. <McDowell (1996: 36) suggests that the concept of embodiment as "a node in a set of fields variously structured by sets of social relations ranging from the global to the most intimate scale seems to parallel the notion of place that is common in geographical work, while reminding geographers that questions of identity are not solely related to the smallest scale, to the body and the home or to the community, which is where too many geographers continue to place them. If we move towards a definition of both identity and place as a network of relations, unbounded and unstable, rather than fixed, we are able to challenge essentialist notions of place and being, of local, face-to-face relations as somehow more 'authentic'".> [AUTHOR; EMBODIMENT; FEMINISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; IDENTITY; IMPERIALISM; MIGRATION; NARRATIVE; OTHER; PLACE; POLITICS; POLYPHONY; RACE RELATIONS; RELATIONAL; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; STANDPOINT THEORY; SUBJECTIVITY; THIRDSPACE] McDowell,Linda (1999): Scales, sopaces and gendered differences: a comment on gender cultures. Geoforum 30, 231-233. <This paper responds to a paper published in Geoforum which was critical of McDowell's work. McDowell considers the issue of academic power relations in shaping her paper, but persists as a basis for developing an important debate. This paper argues that the original paper misconstrues the nuanced and complex view of gender that underpins her own work and relies on a multi-scale/multi-theoretical approach to industrial change.> [BANKING; COMPLEXITY; DIFFERENCE; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; FEMINISM; FEMINIST GEOGRAPHY; FINANCIAL SERVICES; GENDER; GENDER RELATIONS; METHODOLOGY; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE] McGuirk,Pauline M (1997): Multiscaled interpretations of urban change: the federal, the state, and the local in the Western Area Strategy of Adelaide. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 15, 481-498. <This paper questions the concept of an indisputable hierarchy of scales - global, national, regional and local - in which processes, outcomes and responses can be categorised as originating at distinct and discrete levels. Using the example of Adelaide's planning documents, McGuirk argues that the relations between processes, institutions, sociocultural, economic and political conditions at a variety of scales are constituitive of scale itself.> [ADELAIDE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCAL; LOCAL-GLOBAL; PLANNING; SCALE; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL THEORY; URBAN PLANNING] Meillassoux,C (1972): From Reproduction to Production. Economy and Society 1(1), 93-105. [ANTHROPOLOGY; CAPITALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; MARGINALISATION; MARXISM; SOCIAL THEORY] Meyer,William B; Gregory,Derek; Turner,BLIII; McDowell,Patricia F (1992): The local-global continuum. In: Geography's Inner Worlds: pervasive themes in contemporary American geography. (Eds: Abler,Ronald F; Marcus,Melvin G; Olson,Judy M) Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick NJ, 255-279. [EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCAL-GLOBAL; NATURE; POWER; SOCIAL CHANGE; SPACE] Mikesell,M (1967): Geographic Perspectives in Anthropology. A.A.A.G. 57(3), 617-634. [ANTHROPOLOGY; CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; MARGINALISATION; TEXTUAL STRATEGIES] Miller,Byron (1997): Political action and the geography of defense investment: geographical scale and the representation of the Massachusetts Miracle. Political Geography 16(2), 171-185. <Drawing on the notions of material spatial practice and representations and counter-representations of such practice, the politics of defence investment during the Massachusetts Miracle is examined. Scale incongruities between the material practice of defense investment and the political representation of that investment are found. These incongruities are shown to affect the strategies adopted by Massachusetts peace organizations resisting the defense build up in the 1980s. In particular, peace groups failed to address the material implications of halting the arms race. The complex interaction of representations and material practices operating at a variety of scales led to the paradoxical situation in which peace organizations were able generate strong symbolic opposition to the defense build-up but were unable to persuade voters to adopt measures that would halt it.> [ARMS PRODUCTION; COLD WAR; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; MASSACHUSETTS; MILITARIZATION; MILITARY GEOGRAPHY; NEW WORLD ORDER; PLACE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; POLITICS; POWER; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; USA] Miller,Daniel (Ed.) (1995): Worlds Apart: modernity through the prism of the local. (The uses of knowledge: global and local relations.) Routledge, London and New York. 270 pages. <Worlds Apart explores the notions of the 'local' and 'global' - topics which are currently generating a great deal of discussion in many different disciplines. The contributors examine global institutions, seeking to answer the question 'how are global institutions experienced by people in the developing world?', with examples from west Africa, Hawaii, Australia, Belize and Egypt. Using ethnographic methods, the chapters explore how global institutions are manifested in local contexts.> [ANTHROPOLOGY; ETHNOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; IDENTITY; KNOWLEDGE; LOCAL-GLOBAL; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY] Morrill,Richard (1973): Geography and the transformation of society. In: Geography and Contemporary Issues: Studies of relevenat probelms. (Ed: Albaum,M) Wiley and Sons, New York, . [GEOGRAPHY; LANDSCAPE; PLANNING; SCALE] Morrill,Richard (1999): Inequalities of power, costs and benefits across geographic scales: the future uses of the Hanford reservation. Political Geography 18, 1-23. <Although the USA has a federal system of government there are many constituencies which extol and defend local autonomy. Yet there appear to be stronger forces and more powerful interests which lead to a pronounced tendency for higher levels of government and wider interests to prevail in conflicts across geographic scales. Reasons for the supremacy of higher levels are discussed theoretically and then illustrated through examination of controversies surrounding the future uses of the Hanford nuclear reservation in Washington state.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INEQUALITY; NUCLEAR ENERGY; POWER; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; USA] Morrill,Richard (1999): The tyranny of conventional wisdom? A response. Political Geography 18, 45-48. <Morrill responds to critics of his paper on the scale politics of the Hanford nuclear reservation (see #3408-3411). He asserts that the critics have got himm wrong because they seem to assume that larger governments or wider interests and environmental values are inherently superior. Morrill suggests this is neither fair nor scientific.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INEQUALITY; LAND USE; NUCLEAR ENERGY; PLANNING; POWER; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; USA] Myers,Garth Andrew (1998): Intellectual of Empire: Eric Dutton and Hegemony in Britsish Africa. Annals of the Association of Americal Geographers 88, . [AFRICA; COLONIALISM; EMPIRE; ERIC DUTTON; GEOGRAPHY; GRAMSCIAN; SCALE] Naiman,RJ; Lonzarich,DG; Beechie,TJ; Ralph,SC (1992): General principles of classification and the assessment of conservation potential in rivers. In: River Conservation and Management. (Eds: Boon,PJ; Calow,P; Petts,GE) John Wiley & Sons, New York, 92-123. [CONSERVATION; ENVIRONMENT; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOMORPHOLOGY; RIVERS; STREAM] Nijman,Jan (1992): The political geography of the post Cold War world. Professional Geographer 44(1), 1-29. <The end of the Cold War is marked by dramatic events like the reunification of Germanyn and the crisis of the continued exitence of the Soviet Union. Current changes alter the funadamental building blocks of international order and can be thought of as constituting a new geopolitical transition.> [EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOPOLITICS; INTERNAL RELATIONS; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; NATION STATE; NATIONALISM; NEW WORLD ORDER; POLITICS; RUSSIA] Nongorr,John (1991): Provincial government particpation in mining and petroleum developments. Melanesian Law Journal special issue, 91-123. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LAND OWNERSHIP; MINING; MT KARE; OIL; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; POLICY; REGIONAL POLICY; SCALE; STATE] Norcliffe,Glen; Goldrick,Michael; Muszynski,Leon (1986): Cyclical factors, technological change, capital mobility, and deindustrialisation in metropolitian Toronto. Urban Geography 7(5), 413-436. <It is argues that proactive policies focusing on employment, rather than on industry present a more promising approach to combating deindustrialisation.> [DEINDUSTRIALISATION; EMPLOYMENT; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBALISATION; INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS; SCALE] Obi,Regina U (1988): Alternative economic strategy for Nigeria: indigenous small scale industries. Ifda dossier 68, 23-32. [ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIES; GEOGRAPHY; INDUSTRY; NIGERIA; SCALE] Odell,Peter R (1991): The problem of geographical scale in approaching regional development isues and policies. IGU Commission of Regional Aspects of Development, Vol.1, Methodology of Case Studies, Brazil (Ed. R.S. Thoman). [EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LATIN AMERICAN; POLICY; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT] O'Faircheallaigh,Ciaran (1998): Process, politics and regional agreements. (Native Titles Research Unit, Regional Agreements Paper, 5.) Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra. 16 pages. <Despite consideration of Canadian experience as a model for developing regional agreements in Australia, there has been little consideration given to the processes by which such agreements are reached. This paper focuses squarely on process, warning that possibilities for negotiated agreements should not be limited to consideration of form and content onl y. Examination of the processes by which agreements are to be developed and implemented are also essential.> [AUSTRALIA; CANADA; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IMPLEMENTATION; JAMES BAY; LEADERSHIP; LOCALISM; NATIVE TITLE; NEGOTIATION; ORGANIC PROCESS METAPHOR; POLITICAL ISSUES; REGIONAL AGREEMENTS; REGIONALISM; TOP-DOWN PROCESS] Ollman,Bertell (1993): Dialectical investigations. Routledge, New York and London. 191 pages. [ABSTRACTION; ACADEMIC FREEDOM; BERTELL OLLMAN; DIALECTICS; GENERALISATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INTERNAL RELATIONS; KARL MARX; MARXISM; PHILOSOPHY; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; STATE; VANTAGE POINT; WAYS OF THINKING] Olwig,Karen Fog (1997): Cultural Sites: sustaining a home in a deterritorialized world. In: Siting Culture: the shifting anthropological object. (Eds: Olwig,Karen Fog; Hastrup,Kirsten) Routledge, London and New York, 17-38. [ANTHROPOLOGY; CARIBBEAN; CULTURE; DISPLACEMENT; FAMILIES; HOME; LAND OWNERSHIP; MIGRATION; NOMADS; PLACE; SCALE; SPACE; TERRITORIALITY; TERRITORY] Olwig,Karen Fog; HAstrup,Kirsten (Eds.) (1997): Siting Culture: the shiftin anthropological object. Routledge, London. 319 pages. <Culture has been subject to critical debate in anthropology during the 1990s. This is related to a shift in emphasis from the bounded local culture to transnational cultural flows. At the same time that cultural mobility is being emphasised, the people studies by anthropologists are recasting culture as a place of belongning as they construct local identities within global fields of relations. So far, much of the analysis of the role of place in culture has been carries out at a level of theoretical debate. This volume argues that it is onl y through rich ethnographic studies that anthropologists may explore the significance of place in the global space of relations which mould the lives of peopole throughout the world. By examining the concept of culture through case studies from Europe, Africa, Oceania, Latin America and the Caribbean it probes the methodological and theoretical implications of the divergent scholarly and popular concepts of culture.> [ANTHROPOLOGY; CULTURAL STUDIES; CULTURE; GLOBALISATION; IDENTITY; LOCATION; PLACE; SCALE; SENSE OF PLACE; TRASNATIONALISM] O'Neill,Phillip (1987): National economic change and the labour process in a non-metropolitan area - Dubbo, New South Wales. A paper submitted to The 22nd Conference of the Institute of Australian Geographers, 'Geography and Public Policy', Canberra, 24-28 August, 1987. (Mount View High School) [CAPITALISM; CORPORATIONS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; INDUSTRIALISATION; LABOUR; LOCAL; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE; TECHNOLOGY] O'Neill,Phillip M (1997): Bringing the qualitative state into economic geography. In: Geographies of Economies. (Eds: Lee,Roger; Wills,Jane) Arnold, London, 290-301. <This chapter argues that processes of economic change can be better understood by conceptualising the state as a heterogenous arena of social and cultural change rather than a homogenous cause of change. A qualitative view of the state is proposed as a methodological tool for dealing with the processes of globalisation and the politics of economic geography.> [DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE; DIVERSITY; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; ECONOMIC RATIONALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; METHODOLOGY; NATION STATE; NEOLIBERALISM; POLITICS; SCALE; STATE] O'Tuathail,Gearoid (1994): (Dis)placing geopolitics: writing on the maps of global politics. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12, 525-546. <The meaning of geopolitics is a curiously under-examined in 'critical geopolitics'. This paper seeks to outline and pursue a poststructuralist displacement of the concept, a displacement marked by hyphenization - geo-politics. Using Derrida's critique of Saussure, in the first part the paper interweaves the problem of meaning with the discourse of geography so as to write on the concepts of the 'map' and 'geography'. The second part explores the implications of this writing on or displacing for analysis of geographical discourse and /in global politics. The paper concentrates on three issues - 1) problematizing the traditional conceptual maps of geopolitics, 2) speculating on the historical problematic of geography and governmentality, and 3) suggesting a typology for the study of geo-politics which pays particular attention to how places are sighted/sited/cited by governmental institutions (geo-political sites).> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOPOLITICS; INTERNATIONALISATION; MAPS; MARGINALISATION; PLACE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; POWER; SENSE OF PLACE; TEXTUAL STRATEGIES; WAYS OF SEEING] Painter,Joe (1997): Local politics, anti-essentialism and economic geography. In: Geographies of Economies. (Eds: Lee,Roger; Wills,Jane) Arnold, London, 98-107. <'Local politics affect the geography of economic activity in many ways. It is perhaps rarely the most important influence, but its implications can scarcely be ignored' (p98).> [ANTI-ESSENTIALISM; FOUCAULT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IDENTITY; IDENTITY POLITICS; KNOWLEDGE; LOCAL POLITICS; LOCALITY; PLACE; POWER; SCALE; SPACE] Parkes,Don; Thrift,Nigel (1978): Putting time in its place. In: Making Sense of Time. (Eds: Carlstein,Tommy; Parkes,Don; Thrift,Nigel) Edward Arnold, London, 119-129. [PLACE; SCALE; SENSE OF PLACE; SPACE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TIME; TIME GEOGRAPHY] Payne,RJ; Graham,R (1984): Non-hierarchical alternatives in northern resource management. Etudes Inuit Studies 8(2), 117-130. <It is often claimed that the array of problems, from native land claims to the delicate nature of northern ecosystems, in northern Canada demands solutions which are as unique as the problems themselves: northern problems require northern solutions. IN this paper, this is accepted and taken as a starting point. The Canadian government through DIAND is responsible for adminsitering much of the land and other resources in northern Canada. It has recently recognized the need for comprehensive planning and management of northern resources. A land use planning initiative headed by DIAND but dependent for its success on seeral other federal agencies will attempt to resolve the variety of conflicting demands on natural resource. A comparison with Ont ario's recently-completed land use planning exercise reveals that the federal proposal, featuring policy determination at the cabinet level and implementation at the local or regional level, is a solution hich because of its structure is inappropriate for the complexities of northern resource management. The paper goes on to suggest several structural alternatives which are more in keeping with the unique social and ecological situations in the north.> [ARCTIC; CANADA; ECOLOGY; HIERARCHY; LAND USE; LEGAL ISSUES; NATION STATE; POLICY; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; SCALE; TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE; TRADITIONAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; WAYS OF SEEING] Peckham,Robert Shannan (2000): Map mania: nationalism and the politics of place in Greece, 1870-1922. Political Geography 19(1), 77-95. <The rival claims over Macedonia by the Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians and Turks prompted the so-called map mania in the 1870s as national antagonisms were played out in conflicting cartographic representations of the southern Balkans. This paper reviews the development of geographical societies and the assertion of national identity through manipulation of map scales, boundaries and expansionist policies. It considers the emergence in the late-19th and early-20th Centuries of Greek nationalist discourses of place ('topos') and territory.> [BALKANS; BORDERS; BOUNDARIES; BULGARIA; EUROPE; FRONTIER; GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETIES; GEOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHY AND IMPERIALISM; GEOPOLITICS; GREECE; IDENTITY; MACEDONIA; MAP SCALE; MAPPING; MAPS; MILITARY GEOGRAPHY; NATIONAL IDENTITY; NATIONALISM; OTTOMAN EMPIRE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; POLITICS; REPRESENTATION; SCALE; SCIENCE] Penrose,Roger; Shimony,Abner; Cartwright,Nancy; Hawking,Stephen (1997): The large, the small and the human mind. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. <Roger Penrose's views on the large-scale physics of the universe, the small-scale world of quantum physics and the physics of the mind are controversial and widely discussed. This book provides an accessible summary of Penrose's current thinking in these areas and also offers responses from three leading figures in the philosophy of physics.> [ASTRONOMY; ASTROPHYSICS; BRAIN RESEARCH; MATHEMATICS; MIND; PHILOSOPHY; PHYSICS; QUANTUM PHYSICS; SCALE; SCIENCE; SCIENTIFIC METHOD] Philbrick,Allen K (1957): Principles of areal functional organization in regional human geography. Economic Geography, 299-366. <The expansion of human occupance of the world gives rise to increasing functional differentiation of places. This classic paper in the development of a scientific underpinning for geographical analysis seeks to identify universal concepts applicable to the classification and interpretation of human geographical diversity. 'The purpose of this paper is to define and to classify units of occupance and to explore their observable combinations in a nested hierarchy of successively larger areal units of functional organization ... (and to) formulate principles according to which the areal organization of society can be seen to spring from the functional interconnections of such units at varying scales of magnitude' (p303).> [AREAL ANALYSIS; FUNCTIONALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; HUMAN GEOGRAPHY; POSITIVISM; SCALE; SETTLEMENT; SIZE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; SPATIAL STRUCTURE; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS] Phillips,Jonathan D (1988): The role of spatial scale in geomorphic systems. Geographical Analysis 20(4), 308-317. [EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOMORPHOLOGY] Philo,Chris (Ed.) (1991): New Words, New Worlds: reconceptualising social and cultural geography. (Proceedings of a conference organised by the Social and Cultural Geography Study Group of the Institute of British Geography, University of Edinburgh, September 1991) Department of Geography, St David's University College, Dyfed, Wales. [CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; LANDSCAPE; POSTMODERNISM; READING TEXTS; READING THE LANDSCAPE; REPRESENTATION; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; TEXTUAL STRATEGIES; WAYS OF SEEING; WRITING] Phipps,Alan G (1979): Scaling problems in the cognition of urban distances. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (New Series) 4(1), 94-102. <This brief paper reports on errors in distance estimation.> [DISTANCE; POSITIVISM; QUANTITATIVE METHODS; RESEARCH DESIGN; SCALE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS] Plumwood,Val (1997): Inequality, Ecojustice and Ecological Rationality. paper presented to the Environmental Justice Conference, University of Melbourne, October 1997. [AUTARCHY; BIOREGIONAL PLANNING; DEMOCRACY; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; JUSTICE; LIBERALISM; RATIONALISM; SUSTAINABILITY] Political Geography (2000): Review Symposium: Gearoid O'Tuathail (1996) 'Critical Ggeopolitics: the politics of writing global space' (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press). Political Geography 19(3), 345-396. <In a series of review papers the contribution of O'Tuathail's book to critical geopolitics is debated. Contributors are Susan Roberts (U.Kentucky), Michael Heffernan (U.Nottingham), Wolfgang Natter (U.Kentucky), Joanne P Sharp (U.Glasgow), Neil Smith (Rutgers U), Matthew Sparke (U.Washington) and Anders Stephanson (Columbia U), with a response from Gearoid O'Tuathail.> [ACTIVISM; BAUDRILLARD; CLASS; CRITICAL GEOPOLITICS; CULTURE; DECONSTRUCTION; DERRIDA; DIALECTICS; ENGAGEMENT; ERASURE; FEMINIST GEOGRAPHY; FOUCAULT; GAELIC; GENDER; GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GEOPOLITICS; HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE; IDENTITY; IDENTITY POLITICS; IMAGINATION; LANDSCAPE; LANGUAGE; MARXISM; MEMORY; MILITARY GEOGRAPHY; NATION STATE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; POSTMODERNISM; REPRESENTATION; RESISTANCE; SCALE; SPACE; TIME; VISION; WAYS OF SEEING; WAYS OF THINKING] Polunin,N (1988): Twenty threats to the biosphere and their geographical diemensions. Symposium on geography and global science: the role of geography in international science programs, 22 August 1988. [BIOSPHERE; GEOGRAPHY; SCALE] Pressey,Bob (1994): The influence of map scale on conservation planning: what do maps tell us about biodiversity? paper presented at Workshop on Geographical Scale in Society and the Environment, Macquarie University, December 1994. [ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENT; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; MAPS; MEASUREMENT; MODELLING] Pritchard,Bill; Gibson,Chris (1996): The Black Economy: regional development strategies in the Northern Territory. (NARU Report, 1.) North Australia Research Unit, Darwin. 66 pages. <This report examines issues related to regional development strategies and Aboriginal people in the NT's Top End, defined as the area covered by the Northern, Tiwi and Anindilyakwa Land Councils. It argues that regional development policies have been historically driven by bureaucratic-political agendas, which have removed the policies from local residents. This tendency has aggravated ambiguities over the purpose of regional development and the scale at which 'regions' exist. Large-scale development projects are often disarticulated from the local economies in which they are situated. Current 'best practice' strategies in mining and agriculture exacerbate this tendency. Although Aboriginal people are often protrayed as being dependent on government funding (usually termed 'taxpayers' dollars'), this is a simplistic reading of Aboriginal economies. It ignores the substantial size of Aboriginal privately-owned companies. It neglects the dependency of regional economies and non-Aboriginal businesses on the 'Aboriginal economy'. Cuts in Commonwealth budget support for the NT, particularly to the Aboriginal sector, will have widespread consequences.> [ANINDILYAKWA LAND COUNCIL; DEPENDENCY; DEVELOPMENTALISM; ECONOMIC CONDITIONS; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMICS; EMPLOYMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IDEOLOGY; KATHERINE; LOCAL LABOUR MARKETS; MARGINALISATION; NORTHERN LAND COUNCIL; NORTHERN TERRITORY; NORTHERN TERRITORY GOVERNMENT; NT; REGIONAL AGREEMENTS; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; REGIONAL ECONOMIES; REGIONAL POLICY; REGIONS; REPRESENTATION; TIWI LAND COUNCIL] Probert,Belinda (1993): Restructuring and Globalisation: What do they mean? Arena Magazine (April - May), 18-22. <Almost every unpleasant dose of medicine which Australians have been asked to swallow over the last decade has been prescribed to promote something called 'restructuring'- a historic process which is held out as the onl y cure for all our economic and social ills. And it is not onl y our domestic institutions and practices which must be restructured, but our links to and place within a rapidly changing world- a process often referred to as 'globalisation'.> [AUSTRALIA; DEVELOPMENTALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALISATION; POLICY; RESTRUCTURING] Pudup,Mary Beth (1988): Arguments within regional geography. Progress in Human Geography 12(3), 369-390. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; PLACE; READING THE LANDSCAPE; REGIONAL POLICY; REGIONALISM; REGIONS; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Rafael,Vicente L (1994): Of mimicry and marginality: comments on Anna Tsing's "From the margins". Cultural Anthropology 9(3), 298-301. [GEOGRAPHY; LOCAL-GLOBAL; MARGINALISATION; SCALE] Ramirez,Blanca Rebeca (1997): Scales and difference in regional Mexico: reflections on uneven territorial development. Paper presented to the Inaugural International Conference on Critical Geography, Vancouver, August 1997. [ARTICULATION; DEVELOPMENT; DIFFERENCE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LATIN AMERICAN; MARXISM; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; REGIONAL STUDIES; SCALE] Rich,David C (1986): A different Kimberley: a new diamond mine in Australia. Geography 71(1, January), 76-77. [ARGYLE; AUSTRALIA; DIAMONDS; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IMPACT ASSESSMENT; INTERNATIONAL; KIMBERLEYS; SCALE; STATE; WESTERN AUSTRALIA] Ricklefs,Robert E (1987): Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes. Science 235, 167-171. [DIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE] Roark,Michael O (1993): Homelands: A Conceptual Essay. Journal of Cultural Geography 13(2), 5-11. <The size or scale of homelands and the internal structure of homelands, ie. the degree of fragmentation, are issues that are preeminently the domain of the cultural geographer. The goal of this article is to propose a number of theoretical principles for using the concept of homeland. In developing a theoretical statement about homelands, studies regarding ethnicity and social territory are crucial.> [CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; CULTURE; ETHNIC-GROUPS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HOMELANDS; IDENTITY; READING THE LANDSCAPE; SCALE; SENSE OF PLACE] Robertson,J (1990): Future Wealth: A New Economics for the 21st Century. Cassell, London. [ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; ETHICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; NATION STATE; NEW WORLD ORDER; POWER; SOCIAL THEORY; SOVEREIGNTY; STATE; WEALTH] Robertson,Roland (1995): Glocalization: time-space and homogeneity-heterogeneity. In: Global Modernities. (Eds: Featherstone,Mike; Lash,Scott; Robertson,Roland) Sage Publications, London, 25-44. [CULTURAL STUDIES; CULTURE; DIFFERENCE; DIVERSITY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GIDDENS; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; GLOCALIZATION; INTERNATIONALISATION; LOCAL-GLOBAL; LOCALITY; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SOCIOLOGY; SPACE] Robins,Kevin; Cornford,James (1994): Local and regionl broadcasting in the new media order. In: Globalization, institutions, and regional development in Europe. (Eds: Amin,Ash; Thrift,Nigel) Oxford University Press, Oxford, 217-238. [BRITAIN; CULTURE; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; LOCAL; MASS-MEDIA; NEW WORLD ORDER; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; RESTRUCTURING] Rose,Deborah Bird (1999): Indigenous ecologies and an ethic of connection. In: Global Ethics and Environment. (Ed: Low,N) Routledge, London, 175-187. <This paper is a revision of a conference paper (See ref # 2644). It provides a powerful and beautifully written case for engaging with Aboriginal views of landscape, nature and inter-species/inter-personal relations in a deep way as part of the process of developing a new 'land ethic' (see also Rose 1988 [#1413] which she labels here 'an ethic of hope'> [ABORIGINES; ABSENCES; ANTHROPOLOGY; AUSTRALIA; BODY; COLONIALISM; COUNTRY; DIFFERENCE; DISPOSSESSION; ETHICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE; INTERSUBJECTIVITY; LAND ETHIC; LANDSCAPE; NATURE; NGARINMAN; NORTHERN TERRITORY; NT; OTHER; PHILOSOPHY; POLYPHONY; POSITIVISM; POSTMODERNISM; READING THE LANDSCAPE; SENSE OF PLACE; SUBJECTIVITY; TEXTUAL STRATEGIES; WAYS OF SEEING; WAYS OF THINKING] Rose,Gillian (1994): The cultural politics of place: local representation and oppositional discourse in two films. Trans Inst Br Geogr 19, 46-60. <This paper draws upon the notion of cultural hybridity in order to be able to discuss two films made in the early 1970's by local groups in the East End of London. The paper argues that in order to understand how these films can be described as oppositional, their complex engagement with dominant discourses must be explored. Discussion of the films centres on contemporary definitions of 'community media' and on their realist aesthetic in order strategically to specify their oppositionality.> [COMMUNITY; CULTURAL POLITICS; FILM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IDEOLOGY; LONDON; SENSE OF PLACE; WAYS OF SEEING] Ruckelshaus,William D (1989): Toward a sustainable world. Scientific American 261(3), 114-120B. <What policies can lead to the changes in behaviour - of individuals, industries and governments - that will allow development and growth to take place within the limits set by ecological imperatives> [ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY; ECOLOGY; ECONOMIC ISSUES; ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS; ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT; GREENHOUSE; HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE; POLICY; POLLUTION; POPULATION ISSUES; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; SCALE; SCIENCE; SPACESHIP EARTH; SUSTAINABILITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT; WAYS OF SEEING; WAYS OF THINKING; WCED] Sack,Robert David (1982): Realism and realistic geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 7, 504-509. [ANDREW SAYER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Sack,Robert (1997): Homo Geographicus: a framework for action, awareness and moral concern. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London. 292 pages. [ETHICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE; HOME; MORALITY; PERCEPTION; PHILOSOPHY; PLACE; RELATIONAL; SELF; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TERRITORIALITY] Salzman,Eric (1967): Twentieth-Century Music: an introduction. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. 196 pages. [BARTOK; COMPLEXITY; COMPOSITION; DEBUSSY; HISTORY; METAPHOR; MUSIC; MUSIC THEORY; MUSICOLOGY; POLYPHONY; SCALE; SCHOENBERG; STRAVINSKY; TONALITY; WAYS OF SEEING] Savage,Mike; Duncan,Simon (1990): Space, Scale and Locality: a reply to Cooke and Warde. Antipode, Debates & Reports 22(1), 67-72. (Savage - Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Keele, Keele ST5 5BG; Duncan - London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK) [BOUNDARIES; EPISTEMOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LABOUR; LOCALITY; ONT OLOGY; SCALE; SPACE] Sayer,Andrew (1991): Behind the locality debate: deconstructing geography's dualisms. Environment and Planning A 23(2), 283-308. <The locality studies debate provides a focus for wider concerns about the relationship between method and theory in urban and regional studies. Sayer's paper offers a consideration of the conflation of many dualisms and binaries. He also asserts that where realism is invoked it is widely misunderstood in locality studies.> [BINARIES; CURS; DECONSTRUCTION; DUALISMS; ENGLAND; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LOCALITY; MARXISM; PHILOSOPHY; POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY; POLITICAL SPACES; POWER; REALISM; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY] Schmidheiny,Stephan (1992): Changing Course: a global perspective on development and the environment. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 374 pages. <Produced with the Business Council for Sustainable Development, this volume considers whether industry and the environment are compatible. It provides an analytical framework and case studies to show how governments and companies can make ecological imperatives part of the market forces that govern production, investment and trade.> [ALCOA; BUSINESS; CAPITAL; CAPITALISM; CASE STUDIES; CHEMICALS INDUSTRY; COAL; CORPORATE CULTURE; CORPORATE ELITES; CORPORATE STRATEGY; CORPORATE STRUCTURE; CORPORATIONS; DEVELOPMENT NARRATIVE; DEVELOPMENTALISM; ENERGY; ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS; FORESTRY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT; GLOBAL POLICY; GREENHOUSE; GROWTH; IDEOLOGY; INTERNATIONAL LAW; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; INTERNATIONAL TREATIES; LEADERSHIP; MARKETS; SCALE; SUSTAINABILITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT; TECHNOLOGY; UNITED NATIONS] Shapiro,Michael J (2000): Commentary on Peter Taylor's essay. Political Geography 19(1), 39-41. <This brief paper comments of Taylor's 1999 Political Geography Lecture (#3652). Shapiro considers the importance of not just monopoly issues in the economic dimension of globalization, but also the extra-state dimension of 'the dynamics of cultural consolidation and exchange' (p39).> [CASE STUDY; CULTURE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL SOCIAL RESEARCH; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; RESEARCH METHODS; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; URBAN ISSUES; WORLD CITIES; WORLD SYSTEMS] Sharp,Joanne P (1994): A Topology of 'Post' Nationality: (Re)Mapping Identity in THE SATANIC VERSES. Ecumene 1(1), 65-76. <The Satanic Verses is a postmodern magical realist novel written from a boundary site, a hybrid identity, by an author, born in India and writing in Britain, who is unwilling to accept either possible national identity.> [BOUNDARIES; CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IDENTITY; LITERATURE; MARGINALISATION; METAPHOR; NATION STATE; NATIONALISM; POSTMODERNISM; SALMAN RUSHDIE; SOCIAL THEORY; STATE; TEXTUAL STRATEGIES; THE SATANIC VERSES; WAYS OF SEEING] Sharp,Joanne P (1996): Staking a claim to the high ground: feminism, Marxism, and moral authority. Scottish Geographical Magazine 112.3, 181-185. [FEMINISM; FEMINIST GEOGRAPHY; GENDER; GEOGRAPHY; MARXISM; POSTMODERNISM; SCALE] Shiva,Vandana (1992): The Greening of the Global Reach; conflcts in global ecology. Third world resurgence 14(15), 58-60. [DAMS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT; GLOBAL POLICY; GREENHOUSE; UNCED; WORLD BANK] Silber,Ilana Friedrich (1995): Space, fields, boundaries: the rise of spatial metaphors in contemporary sociological theory. Social Research 62(2), 323-355. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; METAPHOR; SOCIAL THEORY; SOCIOLOGY; SPACE; TEXTUAL STRATEGIES; WAYS OF SEEING] Silvern,Steven E (1999): Scales of Justice: law, American Indian treaty rights and poilitical construction of scale. Political Geography 18, 639-668. <The organisation of political scale has served to facilitate the power of the dominant society to control, exclude and marginalise indigenous populations. This paper examines how geographical scale has shaped the historical and contemporary geography of indigenous peoples in the USA. More specifically the discussion centres on the imortance of scale in shaping natural resource conflicts between American Indians and state governments. Using the case of the Wisconsin Ojibwe treaty rights conflict, this study shows how scale informed the hitorical development of an exclusionary state natural resource policy and the state's legal effort to protect its monopoly over policy making in a 17 year court case over off-reservation hunting and fishing treaty rights. the paper argues that the ability of marginalised peoples to reshape scales of power is limited by the persistence of assimilationist attitudes and normative assumptions about the scalar organisation of political life.> [AMERICAN INDIANS; CO-MANAGEMENT; FISHING RIGHTS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HUNTING RIGHTS; JURISDICTIONS; LEGAL ISSUES; OJIBWA; POLITICS; RESOURCE CONFLICTS; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; TREATIES; TREATY RIGHTS; WISCONSIN] Skelly,Chris (1994): Global climate and local weather: the importance of scale in climatology. paper presented at Workshop on Geographical Scale in Society and the Environment, Macquarie University, December 1994. [CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENT; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; MEASUREMENT; MODELLING] Slater,David (1975): The Poverty of Modern Geographical Enquiry. Pacific Viewpoint 16(2), 159-176. [GEOGRAPHY; QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH; SCALE] Slater,David (1997): Spatial Politics / Social Movements: questions of (b)orders and resistance in global times. In: Geographies of Resistance. (Eds: Pile,Steve; Keith,Michael) Routledge, London and New York, 258-276. [CHIAPAS; CLASS; CRITICAL GEOGRAPHY; DERRIDA; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; MARXISM; METAPHOR; NAFTA; NEW WORLD ORDER; POWER; RESISTANCE; SOCIAL MOVEMENTS; SPACE] Smith,Anthony (1990): The Supersession of Nationalism. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 31(1-2), 1-31. [ANTHROPOLOGY; ETHNOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; MARGINALISATION; NATION STATE; NATIONALISM; POLITICS; SOCIAL THEORY; SOVEREIGNTY] Smith,Benjamin Richard (1999): Shifting Centers: Aboriginal Spatial Ont ology in Contemporary Cape York Peninsula. London School of Economics, Draft paper onl y. [CAPE YORK; GEOGRAPHY; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; OUTSTATIONS; QUEENSLAND; SCALE; SPACE] Smith,David M (1971): Radical geography- the next revolution. Area 3(3), 153-157. [GEOGRAPHY; SCALE; THEORY] Smith,Michael Peter (1994): Can you imagine? transnational migration and the globalisation of grassroots politics. Social Text 39, 15-34. [COMMUNITY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; LABOUR; LOCAL-GLOBAL; LOCALITY; MIGRATION; NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS; POLITICS; POSTMODERNISM; SENSE OF PLACE; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL THEORY; URBAN GEOGRAPHY] Smith,Neil (1984): Deindustrialization and regionalization: class alliance and class struggle. Papers of the Regional Science Association 54, 113-128. <The process of deindustrialization is place specific and is partly responsible for redefinition of regional structure and transformation of the basis, function and scale of regional differenetiation. Defined as secular, uncompensated deval uation of capital it is part of a larger spatial restructuring associated with economic crisis. Most participants in debates over deindustrialisation have assumed some form of class alliance is the best strategy for workers to pursue. This paper argues the oppisite.> [CLASS; DEINDUSTRIALISATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; LOCAL; POLITICS; REGIONAL INEQUALITY; REGIONS; SOCIAL THEORY] Smith,Neil (1987): Dangers of the empirical turn: some comments on the CURS initiative. Antipode 19(1), 59-68. [EMPIRICISM; EPISTEMOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; LOCALITY; METHODOLOGY; NEW REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL THEORY] Smith,Neil (1988): The region is dead! Long live the region! Political Geography 7(2), 141-152. <The complexity of contemporary regional restructuring is not always apparent. It is the purpose of this paper to argue that while in the short term there is a clear geographical fragmentation of the American regional structure of the 1970s, a theoretical and historical perspective would suggest the reconstitution of regions at a higher scale. In the political sphere, there is a parallel sectionalism but this may be short lived. It is important in this period of growing global crisis to avoid a localist perspective on geopolitical and geoeconomic change.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; LOCAL; NEW REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; POSTMODERNISM; REGIONS; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL THEORY; USA]_ Smith,Neil (1988): Regional Adjustment or regional restructuring. Urban Geography 9(3), 318-324. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; NEW REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; REGIONAL POLICY; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL THEORY] Smith,Neil (1992): Geography, difference and the politics of scale. Chap. 3. In: Postmodernism and the social sciences. (Eds: Doherty,Joe; Graham,Elspeth; Malek,Mo) Macmillan, London, 57-79. [DIFFERENCE; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; POLITICS; POSTMODERNISM; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Smith,Neil (1993): Homeless/global: scaling places. In: Mapping the futures: local cultures, global change. (Eds: Bird,Jon; Curtis,Barry; Putnam,Tim; Robertson,George; Tickner,Lisa) Routledge, London, 87-119. [DIFFERENCE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HOMELESSNESS; NEW YORK; PLACE; POWER; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; URBAN GEOGRAPHY; USA] Smith,Neil; Dennis,Ward (1987): The restructuring of geographical scale: coalscence and fragmentation of the northern core region. Economic Geography 63(2), 160-182. <In order to understand the dimensions and significance of contemporary regional restructuring and in order to provide a coherent basis for a new regional geography it is vital that we tackle the question of geographical scale. We hypothesise that the scale at which economic regions are constituted is periodically transformed. We attempt to demonstrate this with respect to the coalscence in the postwar period of a single region comprising the Northern Core. While suggestive of complex changes in the regional scale, this inquiry also points towards further empirical research.> [DEINDUSTRIALISATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; NEW REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; REGIONS; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL THEORY; USA] Smith,Neil; Katz,Cindi (1993): Grounding metaphor: towards a spatialized politics. In: Place and the politics of identity. (Eds: Keith,Michael; Pile,Steve) Routledge, London and New York, 67-83. [ALTHUSSER; FOUCAULT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; METAPHOR; POLITICS; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE] Sohn,Ira (1992): Australia's resource sectors: challenges and opportunities in the 1990s. Resources Policy 18(2), 92-106. <As a result of prospects unleashed by economic and political restucturing in Eastern Europe, the USSR, Latin America, Western Europe, Northeast Asia and North America, the l;ast decade of the century should bring vigorous economic growth to the world economy. Resource exporting countries such as Australia should benefit. This article surveys these global prospects and the prospective Australian setting in the 1990s.> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; MACROECONOMIC; NATIONALISM; POLICY; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; RESTRUCTURING] Soja,EW (1985): Regions in context: spatiality, periodicity, and the historical geography of the regional question. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Society and Space 3, 175-190. (Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of California, Los Angeles CA 90024 USA) [CAPITALISM; DIVISION OF LABOUR; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; PHILOSOPHY; REGIONALISM; SOCIAL THEORY; SPACE; TIME; UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT] Spaling,Harry (1994): Cumulative effects assessment: concepts and principles. Impact Assessment 12(3), 231-251. <This paper develops a conceptual framework of cumulative environmental change. It reviews key concepts and principles from environmental change theory (eg multiple causation, complex xausation, interaction, expandable and permeable spatial boundaries, extended time horizons, time lags) and uses them to formulate a framework based on input-output analysis. The framework provides a tool to guide cumulative impacts assessment. The examples are drawn principally from Canada and the USA. The emphsasis is on biphysical environmental impacts. The paper provides a useful overview of cumulative processes, but does not consider social issues.> [CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IMPACT ASSESSMENT; KRAIS; METHODOLOGY; RESEARCH METHODS; SPACE] Starr,Harvey (1992): Joining political and geographical perspectives: geopolitics and international relations. In: The New Geopolitics. (Ed: Ward,Michael Don) Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia, 1-9. [ECOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GEOPOLITICS; INTERDISCIPLINARY; INTERNATIONAL; POLITICS] Stoms,David M (1994): Scale dependence of species richness maps. Professional Geographer 46(3), 346-358. [BIODIVERSITY; DIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; G.I.S.; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; USA] Storper,M (1988): Big structures, small events, and large processes in economic geography. Environment and Planning A 20, 165-185. [ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; ECONOMIC ISSUES; ECONOMICS; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; POWER; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; THEORY; URBAN GEOGRAPHY] Strathern,Marilyn (1995): The nice thing about culture is that everyone has it. In: Shifting Contexts:transformations in anthropological knowledge. (Ed: Strathern,Marilyn) Routledge, London and New York, 153-176. [ANTHROPOLOGY; CONTEXT; CRITIQUE; CULTURE; DISPLACEMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; IDENTITY; KNOWLEDGE; LOCAL; LOCAL-GLOBAL; REPRESENTATION; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; TEXTUAL STRATEGIES; THIRD TEXT] Strathern,Marilyn (Ed.) (1995): Shifting Contexts: transformations in anthropological knowledge. (Series Ed: Strathern,Marilyn. The Uses of Knowledge: global and local relations.) Routledge, London and New York. 193 pages. (MUL: GN345.S54/1995) <One way that different orders of knowledge are bought together is through the transformation of context. This book is concerned with contexts of a particular kinds. Claims to know 'more' or see 'further' or to be able to encompass local facts by a global perspective take on a special meaning in the world view of societies wuch as those of the west that imagine they are part of a life that is itself global in scale. The contributors offer a critique of current western thinking. They do not take for granted that 'global' and 'local' indicate orders of magnitude or scales of importance. Rather, the book addresses the techniques by which people shift the contexts of their knowledge and thus endow phenomena with local or global significance. * Forgotten Knowledge (Mary Douglas) * Exhibiting knowledge: the trees of Dubois, Haeckel, Jesse and Rivers at the Pithecanthropus centennial exhibition (Mary Bouquet) * Building, dwelling, living: how animals and people make themselves at home in the world (Tim Ingold) * Transformations of identity in Sepik warfare (Simon Harrison) * Human rights and moral knowledge: arguments of accountability in Zimbabwe (Richard Werbner) * Globalisation and the new technologies of knowing: anthropological calculus or chaos? (Angela P Chaeter) * Cultures in collisions: the emergence of a new localism in academic research (Stephen Hill and Tim Turpin) * The nice thing about culture is that everyone has it (Marilyn Strathern) * Afterword: Relocations> [ANTHROPOLOGY; COMMUNICATIONS; CULTURE; ETHICS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; IDENTITY; KNOWLEDGE; LOCAL; LOCAL-GLOBAL; POLICY; POSTMODERNISM; RESEARCH; SCALE; TECHNOLOGY] Suchet,Sandra (1994): Rekindling culture through resources: Aboriginal resource management strategies and aspirations at Weipa. BA(Hons) Thesis, School of Earth Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney. 120 p. <Based on empirical evidence from Weipa this thesis focuses on the traditional Aboriginal landowners of the area, exploring the ways in which they are rekindling their cultural identities through resource management strategies and aspirations. In a locality where Aboriginal resource management is juxtaposed with the industrial resource management system of Comalco's bauxite mine, the thesis finds that local Aboriginal people are inextricably linked into wider scale forces.> [CAPE YORK; COMALCO; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE; NAPRANUM; QUEENSLAND; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS; TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE; TRADITIONAL OWNERS; TRADITIONAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; TRADITIONAL RIGHTS; WEIPA] Swanstrom,Todd (1999): The stubborn persistence of local land use powers: a comment on Morrill. Political Geography 18, 25-32. <Contrary to Morrills thesis (see #3408), land use powers in the USA are not centralised in the hands of regional and national elites. White urban middle classes are well-served by decentralised contrls and Morrill is right to be concerned about threats to local demoncracy, but his suggested solution is flawed.> [DECENTRALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INEQUALITY; LAND USE; NUCLEAR ENERGY; PLANNING; POWER; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; USA] Swyngedouw,Erik (1992): The Mammon quest. 'Glocalisation', interspatial competition and the monetary order: the construction of new scales. In: Cities and Regions in the New Europe. (Eds: Dunford,Mick; Kafkalas,Grigoris) Belhaven Press, London, 39-67. [ARTICULATION; CLASS; COMPETITION; CORPORATE STRATEGY; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; GLOBAL-LOCAL; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; GLOCALIZATION; LOCAL; NATION STATE; NATIONAL; NEW WORLD ORDER; PLACE; REGULATION; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; SPACE; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS] Swyngedouw,Erik (1997): Excluding the Other: the production of scale and scaled politics. In: Geographies of Economies. (Eds: Lee,Roger; Wills,Jane) Arnold, London, 167-176. [ARTICULATION; CONRAD; EXCLUSION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOCALIZATION; MUSEUMS; NATION STATE; OTHER; POWER; RESCALING; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; SOCIAL THEORY; STATE] Swyngedouw,Erik (1997): Neither Global nor Local: 'glocalization' and the politics of scale. In: Spaces of Globalization: reasserting the power of the local. (Ed: Cox,Kevin R) The Guildford Press, New York and London, 137-166. <Drawing on Neil Smith's work on the production of scale, and acknowledging the importance of constant change in the scaling of both material processes and discursive representations of those processes, Swyngedouw argues that 'theoretical and political priority ... never resides in a particular geographical scale, but rather in the process through which particular scales become (re)constituted.' Using examples from relations between capital and labour to illustrate his argument, he ultimately concludes that the politics of scale involves a rejection of the characteristic 'local-global' discourses in favour of an engagement with scale politics.> [CAPITAL; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL; GLOBALIZATION; GLOCALIZATION; LABOUR; LOCAL; POLITICS; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY] Swyngedouw,Eric (2000): The Marxian Alternative: historical-geographical materialism and the political economy of capitalism. In: A Companion to Economic Geography. (Eds: Sheppard,Eric; Barnes,Trevor J) Blackwell, Oxford, 41-59. <This chapter reviews the source and contribution of marxian analyses to economic geography since the 1960s, arguing that the link between political and intellectual projects of the geographers involved has been largely scripted out of recent accounts of the influence of marxism in the discipline.> [ACTIVISM; ALTHUSSER; DAVID HARVEY; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; FINANCIAL SERVICES; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLOCALIZATION; MARXISM; NEW WORLD DISORDER; NEW WORLD ORDER; POLITICAL ISSUES; POST-STRUCTURALISM; REGULATION; SCALE; SCALE EFFECTS; STRUCTURALISM] Taylor,Peter J (1982): A materialist framework for political geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 7, 15-34. <It is proposed to locate political geography within the holistic approach of political economy. The problem of defining the 'political' is seen as crucial for developing political geography and our conclusions point us away from recent excessive concentration upon the state. A geographical perspective is identified in terms of three scales of analysis found in many current textbooks. The political and geographical are brought together in a political economy of scale where the world-economy is the scale of reality, the state and the nation represent the scale of ideology and the city the scale of experience. The materialist framework offered specifies these geographical scales as structurally related in the form of ideology separating experience from reality.> <<Taylor proposes a rather rigid global/world economy - national/nation state - urban approach to scale and winds together these scale labels with other categories, using the approach of Wallerstin as a basis. Despite initially appearing critical of the "natural" division of scales into three tiers, Taylor adopts this system and even goes as far as suggesting that 'the scale of reality is the global scale' (!!!) (p25). He suggests that the national scale is the 'scale of ideology' (nationalism) and the urban the 'scale of experience'. Despite its rigidities, Taylor's paper provides an interesting insight into 'scale as relation'.>> [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; IDEOLOGY; MARXISM; MATERIALISM; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; RELATIONAL; SCALE; WORLD SYSTEMS] Taylor,Peter J (1987): The paradox of geographical scale in Marx's politics. Antipode 19(3), 287-306. (Department of Geography, University of Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU) [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GEOPOLITICS; MARXISM; POLITICS; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; STATE; TERRITORY] Taylor,Peter J (1993): Political Geography: world-economy, nation-state and locality. Third ed. Longmans, Harlow. 360 pages. <Taylor's third edition of this basic text in political geography setts the dramatic changes of the late-1980s and early-1990s into a theoretical context of world systems theory of the broad historical and geographical patterns of world political development.> [COLD WAR; DEVELOPMENTALISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GEOPOLITICS; IMPERIALISM; LOCALITY; MAPS; NATION STATE; NATIONALISM; NEW WORLD ORDER; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; POLITICS; POWER; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL THEORY; STATE; TERRITORIALITY; WORLD SYSTEMS] Taylor,Peter J (1994): The state as a container: territoriality in the modern world-system. Progress in Human Geography 18(2), 151-162. [CULTURE; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GEOPOLITICS; GLOBAL; HISTORY; NATION STATE; POWER; SOCIAL THEORY; STATE; TERRITORIALITY] Taylor,Peter J (1999): Modernities: a geographical interpretation. Polity Press, Cambridge. 158 pages. <'Modern', 'modernity', 'modernism', 'modernization': these notions convey an important cluster of ideas which aim to describe the world in which we live. But the premises underlying these ideas are becoming outdated. They tend to assume a link between modernity and industrialism which can no longer be sustained. Taylor moves beyond these limitations by proposing a world of multiple modernities of which industrial modernity is but one . Taylor develops a geohistorical argument that focuses on the periods and places of modernities, offering a grounded analysis of what it is to be modern. He identifies three 'prime modernities' which have defined the development of our modern world: today's consumer modernity preceded by the industrial modernity of the ninteenth century which was itself preceded by mercantile modernity. In each case one particular party was implicated in the creation of the new modernity,first the Dutch in the 17th Century, followed by the British industrial revolution, and finally Americanization in our times. Using this framework, Taylor suggests that old conundrums seem much less difficult.> [CAPTIALISM; COLONIALISM; GEOGRAPHY; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; HUMAN GEOGRAPHY; MERCANTALISM; MODERNISM; MODERNITY; MODERNIZATION; PLACE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; SCALE; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL THEORY; SOVIET UNION; SPACE; STATE; WORLD SYSTEMS] Taylor,Peter J (2000): Theory and practice. Political Geography 19(1), 51-53. <Talyor responds to three reviews (see #3653-55) and focuses on theoretical and practical research issues in turn. He points out his acknowledgement of world cities as simply the most obvious manifestation of globalization rather than its locus. He accepts his economic focus, but explains it as based on his materialist ont ology. He reflects on Shapiro's methodological critique with reference to work in progress that reports construction of a '55 x 55 world city relational matrix of variable directed linkages' (p52).> [CASE STUDY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL SOCIAL RESEARCH; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; HIERARCHY; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; RESEARCH METHODS; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; URBAN ISSUES; WORLD CITIES] Taylor,Peter J (2000): World cities and territorial states under conditions of contemporary globalization (1999 Annual Political Geography Lecture). Political Geography 19(1), 5-32. <This is largely an empirical paper which uses a unique set of office geography data to describe inter-city relations across the world. After identifying a set of 55 world cities, these patterns are related to states in a preliminary analysis of city-state connections. Particularemphasis is placed on identifying trans-state processes and regional city hierarchies. This empirical rep[orting is sandwiched between a theoretical and practical introduction and conclusion. Using Braudel's conceptualization of capitalism as a world of monopoloies, world city formation is introduced as a particular geographical knowledge nexus for creating new monopoly products. In the concluding section, the future of globalization is linked to the possibilities for world city network knowledge monopolies. The paper is commented on by Varsanyi (See #3653), Shapiro (#3654) and Douglass (#3655). Taylor's response (#3656) clarifies his recognition of the embeddedness of world cities and the complexity of globalization.> [BRAUDEL; CAPITALISM; CASE STUDY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL SOCIAL RESEARCH; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; MARKETS; MONOPOLY; NATION STATE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; RESEARCH METHODS; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; URBAN ISSUES; WORLD CITIES; WORLD SYSTEMS] The University of Newcastle,Department of Geography (1993): Production, Work & Territory. GEOG315 course outline. [ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDUSTRIAL LOCATION; SCALE; URBAN GEOGRAPHY] Thirsk,Joan (1977): Economic and social development on a European-world scale. American Journal of Sociology 82.5, 1097-1102. [DEVELOPMENT; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHY; SCALE; SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS] Thom,BG (1987): The man/land theme in goegraphy: a Sydney University perspective. Australian Geographer 18.1, 8-19. [GEOGRAPHY; SCALE] Thompson,James G; Williams,Gary (1992): Vertical Linkage and competition for local political power: a case of natural resource development and federal land policy. Impact Assessment 10(4), 33-57. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IMPACT ASSESSMENT; LAND OWNERSHIP; LOCALITY; POWER; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; SIA; SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; USA] Tonkin,Liza C (1997): Rethinking the geography of power: generating multiple narratives of power and restructuring politics. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Earth Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney. 424 p. <This thesis examines how labour groups categorised by gender, ethnicity, class and place used place-based community action to influence restructuring in the Australian iron and steel industry in the period 1980-94. It is argued that conventional narratives of workers' struggles fail to adequately consider many other narratives of the restructuring processes (including those of women, non-English speaking communities and local scale alliances).> [APPLIED PEOPLES GEOGRAPHY; CLASS; GENDER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; IRON ORE; NARRATIVE; PLACE; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE; STEEL] Townsend,Janet (1991): Towards a regional geography of gender. The Geographical Journal 157(1), 25-35. <The geography of gender has become an accepoted field of study, but it still lacks a regional approach and has yet to be included in regional geography. From the locality to the world scale it is desirable for geographers to set gender in its geographical context. Regional description and comparison are desirable.> [CASE STUDIES; FEMINISM; GENDER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY; SOCIAL THEORY] Turner,Sandra J; O'Neill,Robert V; Conley,Walt; Conley,Marsha R; Humphries,Hope C (1991): Pattern and Scale: statistics for landscape ecology. In: Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology: the analysis and interpretation of landscape heterogeneity. (Eds: Turner,Monica G; Gardner,Robert H) Springer-Verlag, New York, 17-47. <The scale at which a landscape exhibits patchiness of any characteristic is important for understanding ecological processes. This poses statistical problems for landscape ecology.This chapter provides an overview of statistical methods for detecting scale in landscape data.> [ECOLOGY; EXPLANATION; HIERARCHY; LANDSCAPE; SCALE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; UPSCALING] Uiari,Kipling; Eagle,AM (1993): Copper Mining & the Environment in PNG: The OK Tedi Case Study. Australian Journal of Mining (June), 24-28. (Mr Kipling Uiari, Deputy General Manager and Mr A M Eagle, Executive Manager Environment & Logistics, Ok Tedi Mining Limited) [CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; EMPOWERMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; MINING; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY] Varley,Pamela (1995): Cultures in Collision: battling over the environmental review of Qu???bec's Great Whale Project. Kennedy School of Government Case Program C18-95-1277.0 and C18-95-1277.1, 475-507. <This paper provides an account of the factors leading up to the final configuration of the environmental review of the Great Whale project, and the complex dynamics of provincial, indigenous and federal sovereignty in influencing the process and its outcomes. It focuses clearly on the Guidelines issued in 1992, and provides valuable insights into the inter-scalar dynamics that affected the guidelines and their interpretation.> [COMPENSATION; CREE; DAMS; ELECTRICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS; ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GREAT WHALE; GUIDELINES; HYDRO ELECTRICITY; HYDRO QUEBEC; HYDROPOWER; IDENTITY; IMPACT ASSESSMENT; INDIGENOUS RIGHTS; JAMES BAY; MEGAPROJECTS; MERCURY; POWER; QUEBEC; SEPARATISM; SOVEREIGNTY; WATER] Varsanyi,Monica W (2000): Global cities from the ground up: a response to Peter Taylor. Political Geography 19(1), 33-38. <A response to Talyor's 1999 Political Geography Lecture (#3652). Varsanyi critiques the economic focus of Taylor's conceptualization of world cities as 'command and control centers' of globalization, arguing for a more complex and multi-facted view of the process and refering to Appadurai's idea of the 'global cultural economy'. She also refers to the problems of undertaking global scale social research and the difficulties that attend the creation of standardized data sets for empirical analysis. She also refers to boosterism in Los Angeles.> [BOOSTERISM; CASE STUDY; CULTURE; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL SOCIAL RESEARCH; GLOBALISATION; GLOBALIZATION; LOS ANGELES; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; RESEARCH METHODS; SCALE; SOCIAL THEORY; URBAN ISSUES; WORLD CITIES; WORLD SYSTEMS] Ward,Micheal Don (1992): Introduction: throwing the state back out. In: The New Geopolitics. (Ed: Ward,Michael Don) Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia, vii-x. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GEOPOLITICS; POLITICS] Ward,Micheal Don (1992): Introduction: throwing the state back out. In: The New Geopolitics. (Ed: Ward,Michael Don) Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia, vii-vix. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GEOPOLITICS; POLITICS] Ward,Michael Don (Ed.) (1992): The New Geopolitics. Gordon & Breach, Philadelphia. 190 pages. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; GEOPOLITICS; INTERNATIONAL; MODERNISM; NEW WORLD ORDER; POSTMODERNISM; SCALE] Warf,Barney (1991): Power,Politics and Locality. Urban Geography 12(6), 563-569. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; IDEOLOGY; LOCALITY; PLACE; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; POLITICS; POWER; SCALE] Warf,Barney (1993): Postmodernism and the localities debate: ont ological questions and epistemological implications. Tijdschrift voor Econ. en Soc. Geografie 84(3), 162-184. <This paper examines the emergence of postmodernism within geography and its linkages to the localities debate.> [EPISTEMOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; LOCALITY; ONT OLOGY; POSTMODERNISM; SOCIAL THEORY] Watson,Mary K (1978): The scale problem in human geography. Geografiska Annaler 60 B, 36-47. [EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; METHODOLOGY; SPACE] Watts,Michael J (1992): Space for Everything (a commentary). Cultural Anthropology 7(1), 115-129. <Watts offers a very useful overview of spatial concepts and ideas of landscape and their relevance to recent anthropological thinking as an introductory essay to a special issue of Cultural Anthropology. He considers the interplay of ideas of material spatial practices (experience of space), representations of space (perceptions) and spaces of representation (imagination), drawing on Harvey, LeFebvre and others.> [ANTHROPOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATION; GEOGRAPHY; LANDSCAPE; POWER; REPRESENTATION; SCALE; SPACE; TIME] Welch,Richard V (1996): Redefining the frontier: regional development in the postwar welfare era. In: Frontiers in Regional Development. (Eds: Gradus,Yehuda; Lethwick,Harvey) Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham MD and London, 43-53. <This paper explores the relevance of the idea of frontier and regional development in the context of economic restructuring, and argues the need to rethink ideas of centre and periphery in regional planning discourses.> [FRONTIER; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDUSTRIALISATION; MARGINALISATION; PERIPHERIES; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; REGIONAL ECONOMIES; REGIONAL PLANNING; REGIONAL RESTRUCTURING; RESTRUCTURING; SCALE] Wescoat,James l (1992): Resource management: Oil resources and the Gulf Conflict. Progress in Human Geography 16(2), 243-254. <Connections between R.M., war, colonialism,, trade and ecological crisis. Geopolitical, cultural, and poltical - economic forces in the gulf conflict.> [CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GLOBAL CONFLICT; INTERNATIONAL; MILITARISM; NEW WORLD ORDER; OIL; POLITICS; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT] West,Mary Beth (1992): Natural resources development on Indian reservations: overview of tribal, state and federal jurisdiction. American Indian Law Review 17(1), 71-98. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; INDIANS; INDIGENOUS DEVELOPMENT; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; JURISDICTIONS; LEGAL ISSUES; LEGAL RIGHTS; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; SCALE; STATE; USA] Whyatt,Anna (1986): Local employment initiatives: linking national policies to local action to create employment. Conference paper: Local employment initiatives: a contribution to national economic, employment and social development, Canberra, July 16-17, 1986. [AUSTRALIA; BRITAIN; ECONOMICS; EMPLOYMENT; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GOVERNMENT; INDUSTRIALISATION; LABOUR; LOCAL; MACROECONOMIC; POLICY; SCALE; TAXATION] Wiens,JA (1989): Spatial scaling in ecology. Functional Ecology 3, 385-397. [ECOLOGY; EXPLANATION; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE] Wilde,Peter; Fagan,Robert (1988): Industrial Geography: restructuring in theory and practice. Australian Geogaphical Studies 26(1), 132-148. [GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; GEOGRAPHY; RESTRUCTURING; SOCIAL THEORY; STRUCTURALISM; UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT] Williams,Nancy M (1998): Territory, Land and Property: milestones and signposts. In: Challenges for the Social Sciences and Australia (vol 2). (Ed: Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia) Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 83-113. [ANTHROPOLOGY; BOUNDARIES; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; HERITAGE MANAGEMENT; INTERDISCIPLINARY; INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES; LAND; LAND TENURE; LANDSCAPE; MILIRRPUM; PASTORAL LEASES; PASTORALISM; PROPERTY; SCALE; SOCIOLOGY; TERRITORIALITY; TERRITORY; YOLNGU] Williams,Robert W (1999): Environmental injustice in America and its politics of scale. Political Geography 18, 49-73. <A loose coalition of interest groups known as the Environmental Justice movement argues that environmental burdens tend to be borne inequitably by poor Americans in general, and by Americans of colour in particular. Much of the argument is about the scale at which this inequity occurs - is a national, state or local issue and how does it relate to markets? This paper argues that the politics of environmental justice pivot around the definition of sacles of inequality.> [CAPITALISM; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM; GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE; RACISM; SCALE; SCALE POLITICS; SOCIAL JUSTICE; USA] | 
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