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개설일 : 2005/01/08
 

90 years working for social justice

1997 Asian Financial Crisis

The Crisis showed the dramatic consequences of underdeveloped social protection systems, demonstrating that good economic performance alone does not assure social welfare. In some countries, one   in every five formal sector jobs were wiped out in one   year according to the ILO's seminal publication: "The Asian Financial Crisis: The Challenge for Social Policy."

2008 Declaration on Social Justice

In June 2008, the ILC adopted the Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, the third major statement of principles and policies since the ILO Constitution of 1919. It builds on the Philadelphia Declaration of 1944 and the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work of 1998, and expresses the contemporary vision of the ILO’s mandate in the era of globalization. The Declaration is the outcome of tripartite consultations inspired by the Report of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization and is a powerful reaffirmation of ILO values.

2008

In 2009 the ILO celebrates its 90th Anniversary, against a backdrop of financial crisis and critical levels of unemployment around the world. Looking to the future means understanding the past, and as such the ILO’s 90th anniversary celebrations world wide focus on the theme of "90 years working for social justice" with a strong forward looking element, asking how the ILO's experience working through crisis can add a unique voice to the present day response to economic crisis.





Highlights

  • 28-31 July 2009, Cartagena, Colombia
    Second Workshop about "National Qualifications Framework Guide" on occasion of the 90th Anniversary
    The second workshop for the Validation of the "National Qualifications Framework Guide". ILO Cinterfor--the Inter-American Centre for knowledge Development in Vocational Training--- is supporting the activity with the project Eurosocial and with the Training Center in Turin, under the sponsorship of the SENA, the National Training Service of Colombia. The good quality of the book content was confirmed during the event on occasion of the ILO 90th Anniversary. Recommendations was discussed, possibles action plans for implementation was analized on occasion of the 90th Anniversary.
  • 2009, Around Africa
    More than 30 african countries celebrated tripartite events promoting the social justice and the ILO values on occasion of the 90th Anniversary
    Tripartite seminars, photo-exhibitions, football games, national forums, decent work country programmes or round-tables are few of the events that ILO celebrated in more than 30 african countries during 2009. Decent work, tripartism, social dialogue, social justice, the crisis impact, youth employment and youth job creation have been few of the main important topics in the african tripartite events on occasion of the ILO 90th Anniversary.

  • Featured

    • April 2009, Around the world
      More than 20 publications and publishing events on the occasion of its 90th Anniversary underline ILO's role as knowledge broker
    • The Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization was translated into local languages in Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Italy and Zimbabwe on occasion of the ILO 90th Anniversary
      The Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization marks the most important renewal of the Organization since its adoption of the historic "Declaration of Philadelphia" in 1944. In addition, the Declaration on Social Justice marks a significant step forward in respecting, promoting and realizing the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work adopted by the ILO in 1998. On the occasion of the ILO 90th Anniversary, this important declaration was translated into Dutch in Belgium, Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian by ILO in Bosnia, into Italian in Italy, three national languages of Burkina Faso and Ndebele and Shona by the ILO Sub-Regional Office for Southern Africa in Zimbabwe.
    • ILO 90th Anniversary Blog for Latin America
      The ILO Office for Latin America has created a regional blog of 90th Anniversary Events in Latin America as a visibility tool. Information about 90th Anniversary events are posted on this blog, and the press service in the Lima ILO office uploads relevant press clippings every day. Photos are available, as well as a section about ILO history and the structure of the ILO. This tool is very interactive, featuring user comments, folders of information, documents and calendars of events.

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Facing the global jobs crisis: Migrant workers, a population at risk

2009.08.14 20:43 | ILO 아이엘오 [ILO] =국제 노동 기구. | mrkim박상엽

http://kr.blog.yahoo.com/hoonsolo/16458 주소복사

Facing the global jobs crisis: Migrant workers, a population at risk

The global economic crisis is posing new challenges for the world's 100 million migrant workers. They may face reduced employment and migration opportunities, worsening living and working conditions and increasing xenophobia. Although no massive return of migrant workers has been observed so far, the crisis is having repercussions on their earnings and the remittances they send home. Ibrahim Awad, Director of the International Migration Programme at the International Labour Office, published a new study entitled "The global economic crisis and migrant workers: Impact and response". Interview with ILO Onl ine.




Type
Article
Date issued13 August 2009
Unit responsibleCommunication and Public Information
Subjectsmigrant workers, international migration
Other languagesFrançais • Español

ILO Onl ine: How does the impact of the crisis on migration vary across countries and sectors?

Mr. Awad: Depending on countries of destination, migrant workers are present in such sectors as construction, manufacturing, hotels and restaurants, health care, education, domestic service and agriculture. Some of these sectors – construction, manufacturing and hotels and restaurants – have been seriously affected by the crisis with migrant workers experiencing the major shocks. In the United States, Ireland, and Spain, migrant workers in construction were particularly affected. In Malaysia, Japan, and the Republic of Korea, the impact is in manufacturing which has the largest job losses.
In contrast, other sectors (e.g., health care, domestic service, and education), in some countries, have seen employment growth. In the United States and Ireland, jobs in health care and education have

ILO Onl ine: Does the crisis have an impact on labour migration flows?

Mr. Awad: Contraction of the economy and rising unemployment may prompt destination countries to introduce more restrictive labour migration policies. Origin countries, which often heavily depend upon the remittances from migrant workers, respond to the impact of the crisis by exploring new labour markets and introducing reintegration and employment packages. To date, no mass returns of migrant workers have been observed, but new outflows from some countries of origin have slowed down. For example, in Mexico, the net outflow dropped by over 50 per cent between August 2007 and August 2008 (Note 1). Potential migrants, considering the high costs of migrating and reduced employment opportunities in the destination, have chosen to stay home.
At the same time, the number of returning migrant workers in 2008 remained similar to the previous two years. Voluntary return programmes implemented by destination countries have fallen far short of the targeted numbers. Migrant workers often choose to remain despite deteriorating labour market conditions in order to preserve social security benefits. The adverse economic and employment situation in the origin country also discourages them from returning home.

ILO Onl ine: Before the crisis, remittances were growing in all developing countries. Has the crisis reversed this trend?

Mr. Awad: The rates of growth of remittances has declined, and in some areas so has absolute volume. A number of countries in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and especially Central Asia have been seriously affected. Thus poverty reduction and the sustainability of economic activity and employment in some countries are at risk. However, in some countries, such as Egypt and Pakistan, during certain periods since the crisis broke out, remittances have increased despite the economic downturn, suggesting they acted as countercyclical measures (i.e. rising when the economy is weakening, and falling when the economy is strengthening).
Remittances are the most visible and tangible benefits of labour migration. At the macro level they bring in foreign exchange and contribute to correcting balances on current accounts in countries of origin. In many countries, remittances represent a high proportion of GDP. Through their direct and multiplier effects, they sustain demand and thus stimulate economic activity. Employment is generated as a result. At the household level, remittances can contribute to poverty reduction and human capital development through expenditures on education and health care.

ILO Onl ine: How does the crisis affect migrant workers specifically?

Mr. Awad: In times of crisis, slack demand for labour increases the likelihood of precarious and irregular employment. Perceived or actual competition for scarce jobs spurs xenophobic and discriminatory reactions of nationals against migrant workers and their families. While little evidence exists, it is likely that migrant workers will be forced to take on jobs in poor working conditions and/or in the informal economy. Certain groups and individuals may demand more protectionist measures or show aggressiveness towards migrants. Examples of such reactions exist in different regions. However, it is important to emphasize that violence and xenophobia against migrant workers are far from widespread.

ILO Onl ine: Some countries of origin and destination have started to adopt policies to deal with the consequences of the crisis. Do these policies have an impact on migrant workers and labour migration?

Mr. Awad: Policies encouraging voluntary return put in place by some countries of destination have not realized their objectives up to now. A response to the crisis that onl y takes into account the decline in overall demand for labour, without regard to differential sectoral demands may end up generating irregular migration. It is still too early to assess the impact of more restrictive admission measures on the operation of labour markets and on the migration status of foreign workers. The employment situations in countries of origin and the remittances they receive will have to be monitored to examine the effectiveness of their adopted policy measures. This also applies to the protection of the rights of migrant workers.

ILO Onl ine: What does the ILO recommend to reinforce the protection and recognition of the crucial role of migrant workers?

Mr. Awad: Migrant workers have participated in promoting economic growth and prosperity and the creation of wealth in countries of destination, while contributing to poverty reduction and development in their countries of origin. The future may harbour more adverse consequences for migrant workers than observed to date, if the crisis becomes drawn out.
It is therefore important to adopt appropriate policy measures to maximize their contributions to both countries of origin and destination. For instance, economic stimulus packages put in place by countries of destination should equally and without discrimination benefit regular migrant workers. This would ensure the most efficient operation of labour markets and the best utilization of available labour.
Using relevant international labour standards (Note 2), social partners can work together in countries of origin and destination to improve labour migration policies that can respond to the crisis or capitalize on the opportunities ushered by it. The ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration sets forth principles and provides guidelines that can be of great value in elaborating these policies.


Note 1 : According to the National Statistics, Geography and Information Institute

Note 2 : The ILO Conventions on migrant workers – Migration for Employment No. 97, (1949), the Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention No. 143, (1975) and the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, are the three conventions which define together a comprehensive charter of migrant rights and provide a legal basis for national policy and practice on migrant workers.

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ILO activities in the field bring together regular budget and extra-budgetary activities, in full consultation with the tripartite constituents at the regional, sub-regional and country levels, to provide services in the areas of standards and fundamental principles and rights at work, employment, social protection and social dialogue.

The network of field offices and technical specialists underpins the ILO’s work in promoting the Decent Work Agenda as an integral part of national development policies.

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How the ILO works

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The ILO accomplishes its work through three main bodies, all of which comprise government, employer and worker representatives.

International Labour Conference

The member States of the ILO meet at the International Labour Conference in June of each year, in Geneva. Two government delegates, an employer delegate and a worker delegate represent each Member State. Technical advisors assist the delegations, which are usually headed by Cabinet Ministers who take the floor on behalf of their governments.

Employer and worker delegates can freely express themselves and vote according to instructions received from their organizations. They sometimes vote against each other or even against their government representatives.

The Conference establishes and adopts international labour standards and is a forum for discussion of key social and labour questions. It also adopts the Organization's budget and elects the Governing Body.

The Governing Body

The Governing Body is the executive council of the ILO and meets three times a year in Geneva. It takes decisions on ILO policy and establishes the programme and the budget, which it then submits to the Conference for adoption. It also elects the Director-General.

The ILO Governing Body is composed of 28 government members, 14 employer members and 14 worker members. States of chief industrial importance permanently hold ten of the government seats. Government representatives are elected at the Conference every three years, taking into account geographical distribution. The employers and workers elect their own representatives respectively.

The International Labour Office

The International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat of the International Labour Organization. It is the focal point for ILO's overall activities, which it prepares under the scrutiny of the Governing Body and under the leadership of a Director-General, who is elected for a five-year renewable term.

The Office employs some 1,900 officials of over 110 nationalities at the Geneva headquarters and in 40 field offices around the world. In addition, some 600 experts undertake missions in all regions of the world under the programme of technical cooperation. The Office also contains a research and documentation centre and a printing facility, which issue many specialized studies, reports and periodicals.

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  • July 2009 

    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">ILO welcomes new support for the Global Jobs Pact from the UN Economic and Social Council
      27 July 2009 - The International Labour Office welcomed the adoption on Friday of a resolution on the ILO’s Global Jobs Pact sponsored by more than 170 countries attending the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) meeting here.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">ILO Director-General welcomes G8 support for “global jobs pact”
      09 July 2009 - The Director-General of the International Labour Organization Juan Somavia today welcomed the strong support of the G8 summit meeting in L’Aquila, Italy, for the Global Jobs Pact agreed by governments, employers and workers, at the International Labour Conference three weeks ago, to tackle the global jobs crisis.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">International post office network to share HIV prevention messages
      07 July 2009 - Halting the spread of HIV by 2015 is one  of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). To contribute towards this goal, the Universal Postal Union (UPU) and UNAIDS together with the International Labour Organization (ILO) and UNI Global have launched a global awareness campaign. Post offices in participating countries will display HIV prevention information which will reach the general public and postal employees.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">ILO Director-General presents “Global Jobs Pact” to U.N. Economic and Social Council
      06 July 2009 - The Director-General of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Juan Somavia presented the ILO’s new Global Jobs Pact to the U.N. Economic and Social Council which began its annual meeting on Monday.
  • June 2009 

    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">ILO adopts “Global Jobs Pact” aimed at creating jobs, protecting workers and stimulating economic recovery
      19 June 2009 - Faced with the prospect of a prolonged global increase in unemployment, poverty and inequality and the continuing collapse of enterprises, the International Labour Organization adopted a Global Jobs Pact designed to guide national and international policies aimed at stimulating economic recovery, generating jobs and providing protection to working people and their families.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">International Labour Conference concludes its work
      19 June 2009 - The International Labour Organization (ILO) concluded its annual meeting in Geneva after considering a wide range of issues, including HIV/AIDS, gender equality and the effect given to ILO labour standards and adopting a historic Global Jobs Pact.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">ILO Governing Body elects new Chairperson ─ Committee on Freedom of Association cites Myanmar, Cambodia and Islamic Republic of Iran
      19 June 2009 - The Governing Body of the International Labour Office (ILO) elected H.E. Mrs. Maria Nazareth Farani Azevêdo, Ambassador of Brazil and Permanent Representative of Brazil to the United Nations Office in Geneva as Chairperson for its 2009-10 Session.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">Media advisory: ILO Summit on the Global Jobs Crisis
      12 June 2009 - Nine Heads of State and Government, six Vice-presidents, labour ministers and leaders from employers’ and workers’ organizations are to meet in Geneva from June 15-17 for a Global Jobs Crisis Summit organized by the International Labour Organization (ILO).
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">New ILO report on the situation of workers of the occupied Arab territories
      11 June 2009 - The annual report of the International Labour Office (ILO) on the situation of workers of the occupied Arab territories depicts “a dismal human, economic and social situation in the occupied Arab territories, overshadowed by stalled peace negotiations”.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">ILO says crisis increases risk of girls becoming child labourers
      10 June 2009 - The global financial crisis could push an increasing number of children, particularly girls, into child labour, according to a new report issued by the International Labour Office (ILO) for the World Day Against Child Labour on June 12.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">World Day Against Child Labour – 12 June 2009
      08 June 2009 - The annual World Day Against Child Labour will be marked by events in scores of countries around the world on 12 June amid growing concerns over the impact of the economic crisis on child labour, and in particular girls.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">Japan marks 35 years of support for ILO
      05 June 2009 - An exhibition to mark the 35th anniversary of the Japanese Government’s support for the ILO will be held at the ILO’s Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland from 9-30 June.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">98th ILO annual Conference elects officers
      03 June 2009 - The 98th Session of the International Labour Conference, which will run in Geneva till 19 June, opened, electing as its President Mr. Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain, Minister of Labour and Employment and Expatriates of Bangladesh.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">ILO Director-General calls for a global jobs pact to urgently tackle the employment and social protection consequences of the economic crisis
      03 June 2009 - Warning of a possible six to eight year employment and social protection crisis due to the economic downturn, International Labour Organization (ILO) Director- General Juan Somavia called on delegates to the 98th International Labour Conference to adopt a “Global Jobs Pact.”
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">Heads of State, government and leaders from the world of work tackle the global jobs crisis
      02 June 2009 - Some 4,000 representatives of government and employers’ and workers’ organizations are to meet in Geneva on 3-19 June to search during the annual Conference of the International Labour Organization for an effective response to the growing impact of the economic and financial crisis on employment, social protection and the world of work.
  • May 2009 

    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">ILO says job losses are increasing due to economic crisis
      28 May 2009 - The International Labour Office issued new labour market projections for 2009, showing a further increase in unemployment, working poor and those in vulnerable employment. ...
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">ILO meets with high-level experts to discuss the crisis and the future of the automotive industry
      22 May 2009 - Against the backdrop of the global economic and social crisis, senior experts on the automotive sector from Europe, Asia and the Americas met here on 20-21 May with top officials of the International Labour Organization (ILO) to discuss the state of the automotive industry and its future directions.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">The Republic of Maldives becomes 183rd ILO member State
      18 May 2009 - The Republic of Maldives has become the 183rd member State of the International Labour Organization (ILO)...
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">Media Advisory: 98th ILO Annual Conference - Agenda and accreditation information
      14 May 2009 - The International Labour Organization (ILO) will hold its annual International Labour Conference here from 3-19 June and will discuss a global response to the impact of the economic and financial crisis on working women and men.
    • http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---sitestudio/documents/sitestudioelements/arrowhr.gif);PADDING-BOTTOM:0px;MARGIN-TOP:0px;PADDING-LEFT:10px;PADDING-RIGHT:0px;BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;MARGIN-BOTTOM:1em;PADDING-TOP:0px;">New ILO report says “cost of coercion” to workers in forced labour surpasses USD 20 billion per year
      12 May 2009 - In a new study on the patterns of forced labour worldwide, the International Labour Office (ILO) says the “opportunity cost” of coercion to the workers affected reaches over USD 20 billion per year.

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