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The U-Life South Korea plans to spend $25 billion on New Songdo, the world's largest "ubiquitous city," with computers linking home life and life on its streets. Construction, 40 miles from Seoul, is to be done in 2014.
By PAMELA LICALZI O'CONNELL
October 5, 2005
The New York Times
IMAGINE public recycling bins that use radio-frequency identification technology to credit recyclers every time they toss in a bottle; pressure-sensitive floors in the homes of older people that can detect the impact of a fall and immediately contact help; cellphones that store health records and can be used to pay for prescriptions.
These are among the services dreamed up by industrial-design students at California State University, Long Beach, for possible use in New Songdo City, a large "ubiquitous city" being built in South Korea.
A ubiquitous city is where all major information systems (residential, medical, business, governmental and the like) share data, and computers are built into the houses, streets and office buildings. New Songdo, located on a man-made island of nearly 1,500 acres off the Incheon coast about 40 miles from Seoul, is rising from the ground up as a U-city.
Although there are other U-city efforts in South Korea, officials see New Songdo as one apart. "New Songdo will be the first to fully adapt the U-city concept, not only in Korea but in the world," said Mike An via an e-mail message. Mr. An is the chief project manager of the Incheon Free Economic Zone Authority, the government agency overseeing the project.
In the West, ubiquitous computing is a controversial idea that raises privacy concerns and the specter of a surveillance society. (They'll know whether I recycled my Coke bottle?!) But in Asia the concept is viewed as an opportunity to show off technological prowess and attract foreign investment.
"Korea has gathered the world's attention with its CDMA and mobile technologies," Mr. An wrote, referring to digital cellular standards. "Now we need to prepare ourselves for the next market," which he said was radio-frequency identification, or RFID, and for U-cities. South Korea's Ministry of Information and Communication has earmarked $297 million to build an RFID research center in New Songdo.
Fulfilling this ambition, to a large degree, resides with John Kim, a 35-year-old Korean-American who leads New Songdo's U-city planning. Mr. Kim is vice president for strategy at New Songdo City Development, a joint venture of the Gale Company, an American developer, and POSCO E&C, a subsidiary of South Korea's giant steel company.
Mr. Kim, formerly a design leader at Yahoo, said the city's high-tech infrastructure will be a giant test bed for new technologies, and the city itself will exemplify a digital way of life, what he calls "U-life."
"U-life will become its own brand, its own lifestyle," Mr. Kim said. It all starts with a resident's smart-card house key. "The same key can be used to get on the subway, pay a parking meter, see a movie, borrow a free public bicycle and so on. It'll be anonymous, won't be linked to your identity, and if lost you can quickly cancel the card and reset your door lock."
Residents will enjoy "full videoconferencing calls between neighbors, video on demand and wireless access to their digital content and property from anywhere in Songdo," he said.
Whether it lives up to its billing as an exportable city of the future - its critics fear another planned-city disappointment like Brazil's capital, Brasília - New Songdo will most likely be a chance to study the large-scale use of RFID, smart cards and sensor-based devices even as Western societies lag in this next wave of computing.
"There are really no comparable comprehensive frameworks for ubiquitous computing," said Anthony Townsend, a research director at the Institute for the Future in Palo Alto, Calif., and a former Fulbright scholar in Seoul. "U-city is a uniquely Korean idea."
New Songdo, a free-enterprise zone where English will be the lingua franca, is often called the largest private real-estate development in the world. When completed in 2014, it is estimated that this $25 billion project will be home to 65,000 people and that 300,000 will work there. Amenities will include an aquarium, golf course, American-managed hospital and preparatory schools, a central park (like New York's), a system of canals (like Venice's) and pocket parks (like Savannah's), a self-described patchwork of elements gleaned from other cities.
People from Seoul and other crowded South Korean cities are already applying for apartments, and planners are counting on luring attractive businesses.
The technology infrastructure will be built and managed by Songdo U-Life, a partnership of New Songdo City Development and the South Korean network integrator LG CNS, which is recruiting foreign information-technology companies as partners.
"This is a profit-generating model, unlike other U-city projects," Mr. Kim said. "Songdo U-Life will charge building owners for facilities management and act as a gateway to services. Our partners will test market services that require, say, wireless data access everywhere or a common ID system, without having to build anything themselves."
More philosophically, "New Songdo sounds like it will be one big Petri dish for understanding how people want to use technology," said B. J. Fogg, the director of the Persuasive Technology Lab at Stanford University.
If so, it is an experiment much easier to do in Asia than in the West.
"Much of this technology was developed in U.S. research labs, but there are fewer social and regulatory obstacles to implementing them in Korea," said Mr. Townsend, who consulted on Seoul's own U-city plan, known as Digital Media City. "There is an historical expectation of less privacy. Korea is willing to put off the hard questions to take the early lead and set standards."
Two things Mr. Kim insists on are that U-life will not be used to test "junk" and that the digital services will be designed around people's needs rather than around the technology. "We'll be doing marketing and ethnographic research, digging deeper," he said. As part of that research, Mr. Kim asked the Cal State students to submit ideas for U-life.
While New Songdo's publicity material states that it seeks to avoid the "stressful flaws that compromise" existing cities, Mr. Townsend says he doubts that it will be able to emulate the creative energy of, say, Seoul. "Will it really be a place where people want to experiment?" he asked.
South Korea perceives an economic imperative in the answer. "Korea has a very strong I.T. industry, but our other economic sectors are not so good," said Geunho Lee, a senior research fellow at the Korea U-City Forum, a public-private group involved in supporting U-city projects across the country. "We need to test the business validity of these services in order to generate new value and economic growth."
The ability to do such vast market testing is enviable, said Dr. Fogg, of Stanford. "This is a competitive advantage for the Koreans," he said. "They will know before anyone else what flies."
"But I foresee that many services will fail," he added. "That's the nature of experimentation. They should be prepared for the frailties of human nature to emerge."
南韓高科技理想國
想像公共回收筒配了無線頻譜辨識(RFID)技術，市民每回收一個瓶子就加分一點；在老人安養之家安裝壓力感應地板，一旦感應到住戶摔倒，立刻通知相關人員；手機除了可以儲存病歷，也可用來支付處方藥。
這些都是加州州立大學長灘分校工業設計系學生想出的點子，未來可能在南韓興建中的未來城「松島新都市」（New Songdo City）實現。
在這個「無遠弗屆的數位城市」（U-city），重要的資訊系統（住宅、醫療、企業、政府機關等）全都可以互通有無，分享資訊；所有住家、街道、辦公大樓都內建電腦。松島新都位於仁川外海的人造島嶼，佔地近一千五百英畝，距離首都首爾約40英里。
雖然南韓不只松島新都這個數位城，但官員認為松島新都獨樹一幟。仁川自由經濟區管理局的首席專案經理Mike An說：「松島新都」將是全南韓以及全世界第一個全面改造數位城市概念的新都。
在西方，U-city頗具爭議性，因為無遠弗屆的電腦運算能力會引發侵犯隱私權的疑慮，以及被監視的恐懼（連我有沒有回收可樂罐可能都無從隱瞞）。不過在亞洲，U-city的概念被認為是誇耀科技實力以及吸引外資的管道。
An指出：「南韓的CDMA以及手機技術已吸引全世界矚目，現在我們準備進軍另外一個市場。」An指的是無線射頻辨識技術（RFID）以及U-city。南韓「資訊通訊部」已挹注2.97億美元準備在松島新都建立RFID研究中心。
現年35歲的韓裔美籍人士John Kim是松島新都U-city計畫的主持人，也是「松島新都開發局」策略研擬的副總裁，開發局係美國地產開發公司Gale與南韓鋼鐵大廠子公司Posco E & C合資。
曾在Yahoo擔任設計總監的John Kim說，松島新都的高科技基礎設施將是未來搶先試用嶄新技術搶先的第一個平台，松島本身也將體現名為U-life的數位生活方式。
U-life將自成一個天地，有自己的一套生活方式。
U-life的生活方式就從智慧卡開始，不僅可充當住家鑰匙，還可搭乘捷運、付停車費、看電影、出借免費的公用腳踏車等等。智慧卡是採匿名方式，所以不會洩漏身分，一旦遺失，可以迅速掛失，重新設定家裡的門鎖。
他說：「住戶可和鄰居進行視訊，享有隨選看片，隨時隨地無線上網。」
不管松島新都計畫能否如預期般，成為可以輸出的數位城（反對者擔心會像巴西的Brasilia一樣令人失望），松島還是提供了一個難得機會，用以研究大規模使用RFID、智慧卡、感應設備等數位科技，西方社會則在這類的電腦運算應用技術上，遙遙落後。
加州「未來研究院」的研究主任Anthony Townsend說：「說到無所不在的數位運算，世上找不到一個可以相提並論的完整架構，U-city是南韓獨一無二的點子。」Townsend曾經是留學首爾的Fullbright學者。
高科技房地產熱
松島新都位於自由經濟區，英語是共通語言，建設松島新都號稱是世上最大的民間房地產開發案。2014年完工後，估計造價250億美元的建設將可容納六萬五千名住戶，提供30萬個就業機會。硬體設備包括水族館、高爾夫球場、美式管理的中央公園（有如紐約的中央公園）、運河網（有如威尼斯）、袖珍公園，等於是集其他城市優點於一身的綜合體。
來自首爾以及其他擁擠城市的居民紛紛下單訂購住家，預料也會吸引商家進駐。
基礎設施將由松島U-life興建管理。松島U-life係由松島新都開發局與南韓網路整合公司LG CNS聯手合作。
Kim 說：「松島計畫和其他U-city不同，我們會穩賺不賠。」
他接著說：「松島U-life將向住家與商家索取硬體設備管理費。此外，U-life將扮演進入各種服務項目的管道。合作夥伴可以在松島測試各種需要無線傳輸才能登場的商業服務、身分便是系統等，省掉自己花錢興建基礎設施的麻煩。」
史丹福大學「說服科技實驗室」(Persuasive Technology Lab)主任B.J. Fogg說：「松島新都聽起來有如超大的培養皿，藉此了解民眾如何應用科技。」
果真如此，這樣的實驗在亞洲會比在西方國家更容易進行，
擔任首爾U-city計畫（數位媒體城）顧問的Townsend說：「大部份技術是出自美國人之手，不過說到落實，在南韓碰到的社會與法律障礙較少。南韓人較不重視隱私，願意將這類棘手問題擺在一邊，只為了搶到領先地位，取得建立標準的主導權。」
Kim 的兩大堅持是：U-life不可拿來測試「垃圾」；數位服務必須用來滿足人民需求，而非為技術服務。他說：「我們會進行行銷與文化研究，進一步探究。」Kim 要求加州州立大學學生貢獻點子，供U-life參考。
雖然松島新都的文宣宣稱，會想辦法避免現有大都市「給人的壓迫感與壓力」，但Townsend懷疑，松島有能力複製漢城的活力與創意。他說：「松島真的可以變成大家都想試住的地方嗎？」
對此問題，南韓政府從經濟面向提出回應。「韓國U-city論壇」資深研究員Geunho Lee說：「南韓的IT產業非常發達，但是其他經濟領域不是這麼有活力，我們必須測試這些服務商業化的可行性，才有辦法創造新的價值，刺激經濟成長。」
Fogg說，可以進行這麼大規模的市場測試令人羨慕。他說：「這是南韓的競爭優勢，他們會搶在別人之前，知道什麼服務會一飛沖天。」
他接著說：「但是我猜許多服務會以失敗收場，這是實驗的本質，南韓人應該做好承受打擊的心理準備。」
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07/01/13
(토) 오전 12:27
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07/01/13
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07/01/13
(토) 오전 12:27
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07/01/13
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